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怎麼看國內放鬆防疫後的消費與通脹?

不低於90%的老年人疫苗及加強針接種率是降低死亡率、防止醫療擠兌的關鍵。若1月底前完成接種指標,春節後或可考慮全面、有序放開,節奏上或因城施政。歐美內外放鬆時隔約3個月,2023年Q2國內亦有望加速放開入境要求。海外放鬆防疫階段處於滯脹期,我國則處於經濟回升期,加上就業意願極強,預計明年消費逐漸轉暖。此外,海外經濟衰退壓制了放鬆後國內通脹上行風險。

來源:招商宏觀靜思錄,本文爲核心觀點摘錄

海外及中國港臺地區防疫政策放鬆實踐的四點或有結論。

  • 首先,確診率越高重症率與死亡率可信度越高。韓國與新加坡累計死亡率分別爲0.11%、0.08%。

  • 第二,Delta與Omicron初期境外都曾收緊防疫,但今年都在有序推進放開、政策倒車較爲少見。原因是病毒致病率降低、疫苗接種率已高。

  • 第三,香港地區死亡率極高與2-3月疫情暴發前整體疫苗接種率偏低、特別是老年人疫苗接種率過低有關。

  • 第四,亞洲新冠累計死亡率顯著低於歐美或與防疫相對謹慎、疫苗接種率更高、出入境恢復程度極低等因素有關。

老年人疫苗接種率是放鬆關鍵,春節後國內或可考慮全面、有序放開。日本11月30日將新冠由二類傳染病降低等級至五類,或可間接表明病毒致病率已經降至不會導致防疫政策開倒車的階段。目前國內總體疫苗接種完成率已超過多數國家放鬆初期水平,但老年人疫苗接種率略低,爲86.35%。

據財新網,新冠疫苗接種指標已下達:1月底前80歲以上人羣新冠疫苗首劑接種率達到90%;60-79歲符合條件的目標人羣全程接種率和加強免疫接種率達到95%。

若完成,春節後國內或可考慮全面、有序放開,當然,節奏上大概率還是因城施政。歐美各國從內部放鬆到取消入境要求大約爲3個月左右,進而,2023年Q2中後期國內亦有望加速放開入境要求。

放開防疫的週期位置與病毒致病率或將決定消費的強度。全面解封後多數境外經濟體消費數據不佳,但境外放鬆防疫政策過程處於經濟滯脹期。中國目前處於短週期底部,防疫政策放鬆期處在內生性經濟動能向上階段。此外,放鬆初期中國老百姓很可能會有一段「觀察期」,此間線下消費或仍疲軟,但這一過程不會太久,消費場景恢復持續性或好於歐美、恢復速度或快於日韓。

一方面,日本在累計確診率僅18.49%之際下調新冠傳染病等級表明疫情已不會對日常工作、生活造成影響,國內放鬆後個人防護、隔離引發的曠工風險或相對可控;另一方面,過去一年中低收入羣體仍受疫情變化、經濟下行、金融資產縮水的衝擊,防疫放鬆後較強的就業意願將推動中青年人走出家門。

伴隨着地產政策放鬆,地產鏈與服務業持續恢復將爲中低收入羣體提供就業保障,居民「現金流量表」修復亦將提振消費。中產及高淨值羣體疫後形成的「被動儲蓄」亦將在明年爲國內消費提供動能。此外,預計明年防疫政策放鬆初期,國內或有消費補貼政策。

海外經濟衰退等背景下,防疫放鬆後國內通脹上行風險不大。目前國際能源價格已然處於高位,明年以美國爲代表的海外經濟體進入衰退期,且中國未經歷高致病率階段因此不容易出現大量勞動力短缺,進而待中國放鬆防疫之際並不容易出現通脹大幅上行風險。

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