中泰宏觀:75bp再加息勢在必行
本文來自:陳興宏觀研究;作者:陳興 馬駿
核心觀點
8月美國CPI同比增速小幅回落,主要是能源價格繼續走低所致,同時加息對總需求的壓制持續兑現,但回落幅度尚不及預期。在主要發達經濟體經濟逐步放緩的背景下,能源價格易降難升,但核心商品項增速略有上升,主因二手車按價格增速回升。值得關注的是核心服務項增速的後續走勢,其中房租增速或將於2個月左右見頂回落。其他服務項走勢還要關注勞動力市場的工資增速趨勢。我們認為,本月75bp加息勢在必行,未來只有當“有力證據”表明通脹回落時,加息節奏才可能有所放緩,近一年內美聯儲政策取向或將先鷹後鴿。
報吿正文
1.CPI回落不及預期
8月美國CPI同比增速錄得8.3%,較上月小幅回落,不及市場預期。環比增速錄得0.1%,較上月小幅上行。8月核心CPI同比和環比增速較上月均有所上行,分別錄得6.3%和0.6%。本月通脹繼續下行,一方面,國際能源價格較7月繼續走低,但能源對CPI的推動持續減弱;另一方面,美聯儲繼續保持鷹派立場,加息對總需求的壓制將持續兑現。展望未來,我們預計,食品和房租或將見頂回落,推動CPI繼續下行。

2. 能源持續走低
8月能源項同比增速由32.9%回落至23.8%,環比由-4.6%下行至-5%,儘管能源回落幅度較大,但食品項呈上升趨勢,能源對CPI的拖累作用被部分抵消。與能源項走勢較為一致的是布倫特原油價格,8月較7月回落態勢較為明顯,而9月現價較8月也略有下行,短期能源項或將繼續拉低通脹。

3. 二手車有所上行
8月CPI核心商品項同比和環比增速較上月均小幅上行,分別錄得7.1%和0.5%。從主要分項來看,8月新車價格同比有所下行,錄得10.1%,環比增長0.8%,較7月上行0.2個百分點。二手車價格同比因去年低基數效應有所上行,錄得7.8%,環比為-0.1%,降幅較上月有所收窄。考慮到去年基數效應的影響,預計未來9月份二手車同比增速或將繼續上行。

4. 房租持續上行
8月核心服務同比增速有所上行,錄得6.1%。環比增速為0.6%,較7月上行0.2個百分點。從核心服務的主要分項來看,租金和業主等價租金均較上月有所走高,這與Zillow指數和標準普爾/CS房價指數的走勢相一致。數據顯示,Zillow指數和標準普爾/CS房價指數即將升至頂點並開始回落,指向房租可能即將見頂回落。而除住房和醫療服務外,其他項增速有所上行,未來仍需關注勞動力市場薪資增速。

5. 通脹預期已然回落
雖然通脹回落不及市場預期,但密歇根消費者數據顯示,消費者對一年期通脹預期已經持續兩個月回落,且8月通脹預期較7月大幅回落0.4個百分點。我們認為,對於通脹高企不必過於悲觀,通脹回落速度可能先慢後快。

6. 75bp加息勢在必行
在通脹數據公佈前一週,美聯儲官員就已經密集釋放強硬加息信號,美聯儲主席鮑威爾表示,抗通脹的努力將“不達目標不罷休”,為了防止通脹像上世紀70年代那樣變得根深蒂固,美聯儲不會過早地放鬆政策。二把手佈雷納德同樣表示,美聯儲的政策利率需要進一步提高,“一段時間內”可能需要維持限制性貨幣政策。多位地方聯儲主席也同樣發聲,支持強勁加息。我們認為,本月加息75bp勢在必行,未來只有當“有力證據”表明通脹回落時,加息節奏才可能放緩,在中期選舉前後,聯儲或先鷹後鴿。根據我們的預測,美國通脹或將於明年年中接近目標水平,貨幣政策可能屆時會出現轉向。

風險提示:政策變動,經濟恢復不及預期
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