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7月美國CPI點評:反攻的號角?
格隆匯 08-11 16:37

本文來自格隆匯專欄:中信建投宏觀固收黃文濤 作者:黃文濤 錢偉

事件:美國7月CPI環比零增長,前值1.3%,預期0.2%;同比8.5%,前值9.1%,預期8.7%。

雖然無法下結論通脹超預期改善是暫時現象還是趨勢扭轉,本月CPI都爲市場和聯儲換來珍貴的喘息窗口,9月加息50bp概率增加;未來仍是數據的關鍵觀察期,若8月和9月核心CPI繼續維持目前態勢,抗擊通脹將取得階段性勝利,本輪加息的終點可以開始暢想。

7月CPI整體持平6月,除了原油價格大幅下降外,核心通脹也出現了超預期的改善,儘管作出趨勢的判斷還很難,但總歸是一個好消息。此前市場已經開始對加息預期進行降溫,衰退的擔憂也有所減弱,通脹的適時和超預期改善,會加強近期的預期改善邏輯,由於油價仍在下行過程中,仍維持之前三季度是做多窗口期的判斷。展望後續,數據觀察仍是主線,9月加息幅度考慮到9月聯邦基金利率將升至中性利率以上,對經濟的衝擊加劇,目前地產、汽車、投資等方向已出現明顯走弱跡象,若再有兩個月核心通脹增速維持目前較低水平,基本可以推斷物價內生壓力得到控制,後續大幅加息的必要性減弱。

供應鏈問題在緩解,服務需求暑期爆發未兌現,這些都是積極的信號;但是,租金分項仍在高位震盪,服務業價格波動性較大,能否在三季度就達成上述目標,依舊存在很大不確定性;考慮到近期美股美債已積累可觀漲幅,短期或略作休整。

供應鏈的問題仍然備受關注,但7月數據中相關的分項提示改善是大方向,例如二手車價格重新負增長,新車價格重新正增長,IT相關的設備也在降價,說明芯片缺乏等問題在緩解。暑期到來,服務業相關旺季需求的成色一般,機票價格大跌。不過,住宅分項依然增速不低,領先指標看可能還會在高位震盪一段時間,這是核心通脹的主要支撐,此外服務價格波動本來就大,這個月看到的機票等大幅負增長難以持續,後續核心通脹想在整體零售消費不差的背景下,連續穩定在0.3%以內,並不容易。從之前低點算起,標普500反彈接近15%,美十債收益率下行近80bp,已經計入不少樂觀預期,後續或高位盤整等待局面進一步明朗。對國內而言,短期海外風險不再是牽制,聚焦內部增長和通脹走勢。

7月CPI數據結構如下:

7月汽油指數下降7.7%,抵消了食品和住房指數的增長,是全部項目環比零增長的主要推動者。原油和天然氣等價格顯著下行,帶來能源分的走弱,但部分被電力指數上升抵消,能源指數比上月最終下降4.6%。食品指數繼續上漲,當月上漲1.1%,較上月漲幅小幅擴大0.1%,家庭食品指數上漲1.3%,這一情況在歷史上並不多見。

7月份,除食品和能源以外的其他項目整體上漲了0.3%,是3月以來最低,較上月0.7%大幅改善。住宅、醫療、汽車保險、傢俱及運營、新車、娛樂等指數均出現明顯上升。但航空票價、二手汽車和卡車、通訊、服裝等部分指標有所下降。

與去年同期相比,所有項目指數增長8.5%,低於6月的9.1%的增速。核心通脹同比上漲了5.9%,能源指數同比增長32.9%,增幅低於6月的41.6%;食品指數增長了10.9%,較上月增速走0.5%,這是自1979年5月以來最大的同比增速。

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