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75bp加息會有幾次?
格隆匯 10-14 08:34

本文來自格隆匯專欄:中泰宏觀 作者:陳興 馬駿

核心觀

9月美國CPI同比增速錄得8.2%,較上月小幅回落。本月通脹回落不及預期,雖然國際能源、核心商品價格走低,但能源價格雖有回落,下行幅度卻有放緩,推動核心CPI繼續上行。我們認為,11月75bp加息不會缺席,如果通脹依舊頑固,12月可能將出現連續5次加息75bp這一前所未有的局面,屆時年末利率水平將達到4.5%的高位,但這一情況出現概率不會很大,按照現有預測,核心服務項中的房租分項將於近月見頂回落,勞動力市場需求也開始出現回落趨勢,疊加高基數效應,四季度通脹回落有望加速,美聯儲政策取向或仍將先鷹後鴿。

正文

1.核心CPI增速仍在上行

9月美國CPI同比增速錄得8.2%,較上月小幅回落,不及市場預期。環比增速錄得0.4%,較上月有所上行。9月核心CPI同比增速較上月上行0.3個百分點,錄得6.6%;環比增速與上月持平,錄得0.6%。本月通脹回落不及預期,雖然國際能源、核心商品價格走低,但能源價格降幅持續收窄,核心服務價格繼續大幅上升,推動核心CPI繼續上行。在目前高企的通脹水平下,美聯儲加息不會放緩,加息對總需求的壓制將持續兑現。展望未來,我們預計房租或將於近月見頂回落,若勞動力市場繼續降温,疊加高基數效應,四季度CPI回落或有所加快。

2. 能源增速回落,但下行幅度趨緩

9月能源項同比增速由23.8%回落至19.8%,環比由-5%上行至-2.1%,能源同比增速持續下行,但幅度有所放緩。布倫特原油價格變化與CPI能源價格走向一致,9月油價較8月繼續下行,但下降幅度不及上月,與CPI能源項降幅收緊趨勢一致。10月現價較9月有所上行,未來能源回落幅度或將繼續收窄

3. 二手車有所下行

9月CPI核心商品項同比和環比增速較上月均有所下行,分別錄得6.6%和0%。從主要分項來看,9月新車和二手車價格同比增速均有所下行,分別錄得9.4%和7.2%。新車價格環比增速基本與上月持平,錄得0.7%,二手車環比增速較上月下行1個百分點,錄得-1.1%。二手車價格同比在低基數效應的情況下依舊回落,指向價格下行壓力較強,並且曼海姆價格指數環比仍維持在負區間,未來二手車價格或將繼續下降

4. 房租持續上行

9月核心服務同比增速有所上行,錄得6.7%。環比增速為0.8%,較8月上行0.2個百分點。從核心服務的主要分項來看,租金和業主等價租金均持續走高,這與Zillow指數和標準普爾/CS房價指數的走勢相一致。數據顯示,Zillow指數和標準普爾/CS房價指數即將升至頂點並開始回落,指向房租可能即將見頂回落。除住房外,醫療服務和交通服務項同比增速也均有所上行。勞動力市場已出現放緩跡象,預計四季度核心服務將迎來拐點

5. 通脹預期回落放緩

雖然9月通脹回落不及市場預期,但密歇根消費者數據顯示,消費者對一年期通脹預期仍繼續回落,但9月通脹預期僅較8月下降0.1個百分點,小於上個月0.4個百分點的降幅。5年期通脹預期繼續回落,較上月下行0.2個百分點,指向預期長期通脹回落速度加快。

6. 75bp加息不會缺席

美聯儲9月議息會議紀要顯示,目前通脹仍處於難以接受的高水平,遠高於委員會2%的長期目標,通脹下降速度慢於預期,與會者傾向於短期內採取限制性的貨幣政策立場以遏制通脹,利率一旦到達足夠的限制性水平,可能將在一段時間內繼續保持。部分與會者指出,歷史經驗表明,過早地結束緊縮性政策會存在風險。近期,美聯儲官員頻頻強硬發聲。聯儲理事沃勒表示,預計明年年初仍會加息,不會考慮出於對金融穩定的擔憂而放緩或停止加息。美聯儲埃文斯表示利率水平應於明年春季達到4.5%-4.75%,其他聯儲官員同樣強調持續加息的重要性。我們認為,11月75bp加息不會缺席,如果通脹依舊頑固,12月可能將出現連續5次加息75bp這一前所未有的局面,屆時年末利率水平將達到4.5%的高位,但這一情況出現概率不會很大,按照現有預測,核心服務項中的房租分項將於近月見頂回落,勞動力市場需求也開始出現回落趨勢,疊加高基數效應,四季度通脹回落有望加速,美聯儲政策取向或將先鷹後鴿

風險提示:政策變動,經濟恢復不及預期

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