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銀行:政策發力期,配置窗口期

本文來自格隆匯專欄:中信證券研究,作者:肖斐斐 彭博

已披露的上市銀行年報顯示,2021年四季度上市銀行收入增速小幅提升、盈利增長延續景氣,資產質量與撥備水平繼續穩中向好,重點行業信用風險已有前瞻應對。銀行板塊投資來看,隨着穩增長政策再次發力、地產政策有序優化以及散點疫情的有效控制,後續宏觀經濟與微觀質量預期具備改善空間,長期看板塊估值底部明確,短期看投資具備高性價比。

報吿緣起:

截至4月1日,共有34家A股上市銀行披露2021年年報或年度業績快報,其中23家銀行(包括,6家國有大行、7家股份制銀行和10家城農商行)已正式披露年報。本篇報吿聚焦以上上市銀行年報反映的最新經營情況。

經營概況:盈利續高位,收入再向好

1)行業概況:34家披露年報或年度業績快報的A股上市銀行,2021年全年營業收入和歸母淨利潤分別同比+7.9%/+12.7%,其中營收增速較前三季度進一步提高0.2pct;

2)要素拆分:四季度利息淨收入(全年同比+5.1%)、其他非息收入(同比+32.6%)和資產減值損失(同比-15.1%)對盈利增長均有正貢獻,而中收增速受當季資本市場波動影響同比增速放緩;

3)銀行個體:四季度大行總體平穩,股份行及城農商行盈利與收入增速雙提升,其中招行、興業和平安三家股份行全年保持20%+盈利增速,江蘇、寧波和成都三家城商行全年延續營收和盈利“雙20%+”的增速水平。

資產負債:擴表提速,結構優化。

1)資產增長提速,34家已披露年報銀行總2021Q4資產季度環比增幅為1.2%,較21Q3增速(+0.8%)以及20Q4增速(+0.5%)均有小幅改善,“加大跨週期調節力度”政策引導下,銀行體系資產投放提速;

2)各行表現分化,大行、股份行、城農商行總資產季度環比增幅為0.7%/2.0%/2.3%(較20Q4分別+1.1pct/-0.3pct/-0.1pct),比較而言大行在穩增長投放方面更為積極;

3)投放結構優化:23家披露年報銀行情況看,21Q4信貸資產和投資資產分別同比多增6400億/1.61萬億,而當季同業資產繼續壓降近6000億,資產由相對低收益品種向中高收益品種配置特徵明顯。

息差定價:邊際企穩,負債貢獻。

1)Q4行業息差企穩,銀保監口徑數據來看,四季度商業銀行淨息差提高2bps,結束了21Q1以來息差單邊走弱的局面,判斷去年6月存款自律上限優化及下半年兩次降準帶來正貢獻;

2)負債端貢獻提升,從23家年報披露銀行的數據來看,21Q4利息收入環比增幅為2.0%,四個季度中首次超過利息支出環比增幅(1.9%),除上述監管政策因素外,四季度部分銀行負債結構調整、定價策略優化亦有貢獻;

3)息差走勢分化,兩類銀行息差邊際佔優:①部分資產收益與負債成本同期走擴,但資產端表現更為積極的城農商行;②部分資產端表現較為平穩,同期負債端成本控制較優的大中型銀行。

風險狀況:平穩運行,撥備夯實。

1)賬面指標平穩,34家披露年報或業績快報的上市銀行,四季度不良率環比再下降0.03pct至1.24%,逾期貸款率亦下降0.08pct至1.39%,當季關注率小幅反彈,判斷與房地產信用事件下五級分類的審慎調整有關;

2)行業表現分化,下半年代表銀行主要行業的不良率運行平穩,11/13家銀行房地產對公貸款不良率有所提升,反映同期地產信用問題發酵,另外部分大行的租賃及商務服務業貸款不良率有所上行;

3)撥備繼續夯實,2021年下半年23家銀行加權平均信用成本為0.83%,與2020年同期持平;得益於資產質量的平穩運行,四季度上述銀行平均撥備覆蓋率再提高8.6pcts至286.9%。

風險因素:

宏觀經濟增速大幅下行;銀行資產質量超預期惡化。

投資策略:政策發力期,配置窗口期

2021年四季度上市銀行收入增速小幅提升、盈利增長延續景氣,資產質量與撥備水平繼續穩中向好,重點行業信用風險已有前瞻應對。銀行板塊投資來看,隨着穩增長政策再次發力、地產政策有序優化以及散點疫情逐步得到有效控制,後續宏觀經濟與微觀質量預期具備改善空間,長期看板塊估值底部明確,短期看投資具備高性價比。個股投資邏輯,需要兼顧行業估值提升的系統性機會+商業模型升級的個體性機會,組合為:招商銀行、興業銀行、平安銀行、郵儲銀行、江蘇銀行和南京銀行。

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