中信明明:3月LPR不變,貨幣寬鬆仍有必要
本文來自格隆匯專欄:中信債券明明,作者:明明債券研究團隊
核心觀點
MLF操作利率維持不變和銀行負債成本上升導致3月LPR報價繼續維持不變。在降成本和寬信用目標下,後續降準或降息以引導LPR下行仍有必要。維持2.85%是10年國債到期收益率頂部的判斷不變。
3月LPR報價維持不變。3月LPR報價維持不變,1年期LPR報價3.70%,5年期LPR報價4.60%。1月降息後貨幣政策寬鬆進程緩慢,缺乏降準降息的引導,LPR報價連續兩個月維持不變。當前政策利率與LPR利差為:7天逆回購(2.10%)+75bps=1年MLF(2.85%),1年MLF(2.85%)+85bps=1年LPR(3.70%),1年LPR(3.70%)+90bps=5年以上LPR(4.60%)。
MLF利率不變、銀行負債成本走高,LPR報價難下行。2021年12月降準後1年期LPR與1年期MLF的利差進一步壓縮至歷史低值85bps,MLF操作利率維持不變是LPR維持不變的基礎,而年初以來銀行負債成本的提升進一步制約了LPR報價加點的壓縮。隨着政府債券發行放量、銀行貸款投放力度加大、季末資金缺口擴大等多重因素下,銀行超儲率低位運行、同業存單利率快速攀升,銀行負債成本有所走高。雖然央行通過超額續作MLF、加大逆回購投放規模來穩定短期資金面,但銀行負債缺口擴大、負債成本上升仍然存在,阻礙了LPR下行。
LPR下調預期落空,需等待降準或降息落地。1月份降息後央行貨幣政策操作復歸公開市場平衡操作,2月至今均沒有降息降準操作。在2月金融數據低於預期、資本市場大幅波動、國務院金穩委提出貨幣政策主動有為的背景下,3月LPR報價維持不變,降準降息預期紛紛落空。從貨幣政策做好內外平衡的角度看,3月MLF利率和LPR均維持不變,一方面是在經濟與金融數據分化的背景下,貨幣政策需觀察後續寬信用穩增長的效果與可持續性;另一方面,美聯儲加息落地前後中國貨幣政策暫避鋒芒。後續要進一步引導LPR下行需要等待降準或降息政策的落地。
寬信用和降成本目標下仍需引導LPR下行,降準窗口仍在。3月MLF與LPR下調預期雙雙落空後,為了進一步刺激需求、降低企業融資成本,降準政策值得期待。一方面,銀行超儲率下行至1.2%左右,限制了新增貸款規模擴大;另一方面,近期NCD利率回升到1月降息前的水平,銀行負債成本走高制約了LPR下行,企業降成本缺乏引導。如果降準落地,將緩解超儲下行壓力同時控制銀行負債成本,從供需兩側降低企業融資成本。此外,2月金融數據總量弱、結構差,尤其小型企業PMI的快速下行、城鎮失業率回升,穩主體、保就業仍然需要貨幣寬鬆操作,疊加3月疫情散點多發,降準的可行性與必要性進一步上升。
債市策略:3月LPR報價維持不變,背後是央行等待適宜政策窗口下寬鬆貨幣政策進程緩慢、MLF利率維持不變,而超儲率低位運行、政府債券集中發行和月末資金缺口擴大背後的銀行負債成本上行制約了LPR加點的壓縮。在穩增長初期“政策提前發力”疊加海外政策收緊與國內疫情散點多發的背景下,宏觀政策組合仍然是寬財政+寬貨幣+緊/穩信用,預計後續存在降準操作,10年期國債到期收益率階段性頂部仍然是2.85%。
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