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新能源汽車充換電:充電還是換電?

本文來自格隆匯專欄:中信證券研究,作者:華鵬偉 袁健聰 林劼 汪浩

新能源汽車產銷量快速增長將催生充換電行業加速發展,預計未來5年國內新能源汽車補能市場仍將維持充電為主、換電為輔的格局,但在資本、主機廠、政策等的推動下,換電模式在部分高端乘用車和運營類車輛的應用推廣將明顯加速。

充換電競爭力比較:

充電和換電模式在車輛和電池適用性、電網及土地資源要求、投資強度等方面的差異,決定了中期內仍將延續充電為主、換電為輔的補能市場格局,但其中換電模式的成長性有望迎來明顯強化。

用車端:換電憑藉補能體驗和運營車領域成本優勢,實現差異化競爭。

換電對普通私家車主而言基本無綜合成本優勢,但可大幅縮短補能時間,顯著提升用車體驗。從成本競爭力和便捷性的角度出發,換電模式在運營類車輛及高端乘用車型領域已具備競爭優勢。

電池端:充電適用性更廣,換電生態較為垂直。

不同車型標準化程度低,換電短期難有規模效應。更換的電池包由換電運營商進行統一的充電監測和專業化護理,便於後續梯次利用,延長電池及其中資源品的價值壽命。

電網端:換電模式有序羣充,有利於降本增效。

換電模式對電網更友好,有利於節約配網改造投資,且換電電池可有序羣充,提升電網功率利用率,減緩擴容壓力,降低電費成本。

用地端:換電有利於優化土地資源配置,建設環節更易於推廣。

充電站的佔地面積都明顯高於換電模式,換電站對於城市特別是大城市的土地集約利用具有明顯幫助。

運營端:充換電基本仍處行業性虧損,商用車換電有望率先盈利。

充電運營盈虧平衡點對應時間利用率約8%-9%,目前行業平均利用率僅6%左右,仍處行業性虧損,但部分頭部領先廠商有望率先迎來穩定盈利;乘用車換電站盈虧平衡點對應20%左右利用率,目前利用率多在10%-15%,較扭虧仍有差距,未來有望穩步提升;商用車換電站盈虧平衡點對應10%左右的利用率,商用車換電需求明確,盈利有望迎來較快釋放。

路線及空間:充電模式為主,換電增長迅速。

從設備投資需求角度看,預計換電模式具備5年10倍+增長空間,明顯快於充電;

從投資效率角度看,充電模式對應單車補能設施投資額僅9000元左右,而換電對應平均單車投資約2.5萬元,投資效率和下游適用性高於換電模式,在現階段更具廣泛推廣的基礎;

從運營市場空間角度看,預計2025年國內換電運營合計市場空間有望達605億元,充電運營市場約1730億元。

風險因素:

政策推動低於預期;充換電利用率低於預期;行業標準化低於預期等。

投資策略:

新能源汽車產銷量快速增長將催生充換電行業加速發展,綜合考慮換電模式更高效、對電網、土地更友好等優勢,以及標準化程度較低、體系較為封閉、投資成本較高等劣勢,預計未來5年國內新能源汽車補能市場仍將維持充電為主、換電為輔的格局,但在資本、主機廠、政策等的推動下,預計換電模式在部分高端乘用車和運營類車輛的應用推廣將明顯加速。重點推薦:

1)換電領域具備強大資源整合能力的第三方電池供應商和運營商,如寧德時代以及充電運營行業龍頭特鋭德,建議關注協鑫能科等;

2)受益於行業銷量快速提升的換電設備提供商,建議關注瀚川智能、山東威達等。

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