《大行》民生證券:內地5月工業企業利潤轉跌9.1% 來自關稅風波影響才初步顯現
民生證券發表報告,國家統計局公佈工業經濟效益月度報告顯示,首五個月全國規模以上工業企業實現利潤總額按年下降1.1%。雖然當前中美貿易衝突的風險已階段性緩釋,但在工業企業利潤身上,來自關稅風波的影響才初步顯現。工業企業按年增速從4月的3%大幅轉負至5月的負9.1%,關稅對企業利潤的影響存在一定滯後性,美國加徵關稅對於企業盈利的影響逐漸開始「具象化」。那麼關稅究竟對誰的影響最大?這份影響又會持續多久?
該行嘗試通過5月工業企業利潤這份「成績單」來一探究竟:除了價格之外,企業營收利潤率對利潤形成的拖累較大。若以量、價、利潤率對工業企業利潤進行拆解來看,5月表現為「量上價下、利潤率負增」的形勢,這與首四個月的情形保持基本一致,但與此前不同的是,除了PPI降幅擴大導致價格繼續成為企業利潤增速的拖累因子之外,企業營收利潤率的下滑成為了5月工業企業利潤增速下行的「導火索」——經該行測算,5月企業營收利潤率對工企利潤增速造成了近10.2個百分點的拖累。相較之下,工業生產仍具一定韌性, 很大程度對衝了來自於營收利潤率下滑的負面影響。
甚麼因素導致了企業營收利潤率的下滑?通過近期處於上行通道的工企利潤成本和費用來看,關稅導致的企業成本費用上升、對企業利潤影響不小。一方面,部分企業自行承擔關稅成本則導致利潤被侵蝕(尤其是下游行業表現明顯);另一方面,部分企業傾向於利用美國海關的「首次銷售原則(First Sale Rule)」來規避美國加徵關稅、但背後涉及到供應鏈調整成本。
在關稅風波的大背景下,企業補庫意願趨弱。根據最新趨勢來看,5月工企營收與產成品存貨增速均在下探,反映在出口仍具一定不確定性的背景下,企業營收受阻的同時,補庫意願也並不高,民生證券預計後續對廠商生產動能的抑製作用也會加以體現。
就甚麼行業的利潤受關稅影響最大?5月上、中、下游行業利潤按年增速依次為降21.7%、升3.5%、降13.3%(4月依次為降15.6%、升19.1%、降1%),上游與下游行業對利潤增速的拖累明顯加大。除了上游行業對利潤的繼續拖累之外,下游行業利潤的走弱更值得關注。在關稅風波的背景下,下游行業更易陷入消費端的「價格彈性陷阱」,即在下游產業品牌溢價不足、渠道重構沉沒成本較高、對應購買者偏好剛性制約「三重影響」之下,下游行業受外部不確定性的影響更大。其中,下游行業中的娛樂用品製造業、紡織服裝業、食品製造業受影響較大,5月利潤按年增速分別為降27%、降18.3%、降7%。
相較之下,中游行業利潤更具韌性些。雖然5月中游行業利潤增速也在下降,但是仍處於正增長區間的範疇內。尤其是科技創新相關行業利潤增速表現靠前,比如運輸設備、電子設備、通用設備製造業,5月利潤按年分別升47.6%、12.8%、7.4%。得益於前期高速發展後、當前這些行業產品的全球可替代性較弱,因此在外部不確定性加劇的同時提供了一些「確定性」。
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