中信證券:税收優惠政策頻出,利好先進製造業投資
本文來自格隆匯專欄:中信證券研究 作者:林小馳 張惟誠 李康威
近期,財政部和税務總局密集發佈製造業投資相關的税務優惠政策。其主要集中在企業投資端,預計相關政策能夠顯著抬升當期利潤和改善公司現金流。中信證券認為,電子、汽車、軍工、機械、電新等行業將受益。
▍事件:近期,財政部和税務總局密集發佈製造業投資相關的税務優惠政策。
1)8月18日,財政部和税務總局發佈《關於設備、器具扣除有關企業所得税政策的公吿》,公吿表示,單位成本價值不超過500萬元的機器設備,允許一次性計入當期成本費用在計算應納税所得額時扣除,不再分年度計算折舊。
2)9月3日,財政部、税務總局發佈關於先進製造業企業增值税加計抵減政策的公吿,允許先進製造企業採購按照當期進項税額加計5%抵扣應納增值税。
▍新規解讀:税收優惠政策主要集中在企業投資端,能直接提升當期利潤和改善現金流。
1)根據第一條規定,單位成本不超過500萬的機器設備可以在計算所得税時,按照全額扣除相關費用,而不用計提折舊。這種做法可以顯著提升當期税前抵扣金額,進而減少企業當期賦税成本。值得注意的是,這部分所提到的折舊是税法層面的折舊,並不是會計層面的折舊,會計折舊不受到影響。
2)第二條規定主要針對先進製造業企業,持續時間較長,從2023年1月1日持續至2027年12月31日。增值税的徵收方式比較特殊,銷售商品對應的收入,形成銷項税額(收入*税率)。同時,購買原材料、機器設備等,相應的成本會產生進項税額(購入金額*税率),銷項税額扣除進項税額就是當期應交的所得税。新政策的加計抵扣,可以直接提升報表的利潤表,並且進一步改善現金流。
▍影響:
1)從公司層面來看,第一條優惠政策會直接減少當期應交的所得税,減少所得税費用,進而增厚利潤。假設企業買了價值500萬的固定資產,(假設税法折舊十年),新規下可以一次性税前扣除,那麼新增可税前抵扣金額為450萬,25%的法定所得税率下,減少112.5萬元所得税。但是值得注意的是,這條優惠只能有效增加當期利潤,後續固定資產不再折舊,税前可抵扣金額將減少。第二條税收優惠,可以直接增加其他收益,增厚利潤,且對企業現金流有一定改善。假設先進製造業當期採購1億的原材料或者機器設備(1億為不含税價,假設税率為13%),那麼可以加計抵扣1億*13%*5%=65萬的增值税,在報表上可以直接確認65萬的其他收益。由於固定資產的金額遠超原材料,這種進項税額抵扣加計扣除政策一定程度上能促進企業投資。
2)從行業層面來看,中信證券認為這一系列政策可以利好高端製造業投資,直接抬升相關公司利潤水平。具體來看,電子、汽車、軍工、機械、電新等行業將受益。
▍風險因素:
政策落地不及預期,公司投資不及預期,税收優惠力度不及預期。
注:本文節選自中信證券研究部已於2023年9月7日發佈的《税收政策點評一税收優惠政策頻出,利好先進製造業投資》報吿,分析師:林小馳S1010510120031;張惟誠S1010520080007;李康威S1010523040001
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