觀點 | 消費券政策可能出臺嗎?
考慮明年國內宏觀經濟面臨外需走弱的預期,預計內需的修復將成爲確保經濟回穩向上的重要力量。近期消費數據仍疲弱,政策層面關注擴大內需和促消費。2020年以來短期疫情後多地通過發放消費券的形式來刺激消費的恢復,來未來可能進一步推廣範圍、擴大力度。
四季度消費數據持續低迷,消費券關注度回升。11月社零同比降幅加深,疫後消費困局並未隨着防疫政策優化措施落地而立即破除。隨着防疫政策優化措施落地,線下消費場景重現,地方政府積極出臺「消費券」相關政策以刺激消費需求回升。各地政府積極推出針對特定消費領域的滿減、折扣等活動, 「消費券」概念重回市場視野中。

海內外部分國家和城市消費券發放情況。國內超一線城市北上廣深在2020年以來均推出多輪消費券,消費券形式以滿減爲主,並針對受疫情影響較重的餐飲住宿、文娛體育、旅遊等行業進行結構性支持。隨着短期疫情消退,消費券推出後消費也出現了結構性修復。根據列舉的日韓美英四國消費券發放情況,美國以現金髮放爲主,日韓前期以發放現金爲主,後期轉爲滿減或折扣,英國則以代金券爲主。日韓美英四國消費券發放後對對應着消費增速回升、消費行業景氣度回暖、消費者信心指數提升。
當前國內的消費疲弱困境:既有短期疫情擾動,也有長期因素影響。首先,疫情衝擊導致消費場景受限,聚集性、接觸性服務業受到較大沖擊。其次,疫情衝擊下就業形勢較爲嚴峻,居民收入增長受到壓制,預防性儲蓄行爲多增而消費意願持續低迷。最後,除去疫情的短期影響外,疫情的衝擊不對稱,2020年以來出現了貧富差距有所擴大、低收入人羣佔比走高的情況,亦是限制我國消費修復的主要原因之一。
我國歷史上消費券以外的促消費政策。在經濟增速下行壓力加大階段,促消費政策都未缺席,除去消費券外仍有多種政策工具。其中,2008~2009年與2018年~2019年經濟增速下行壓力加大時期,政府出臺了大量政策促進消費。2008~2009年「家電下鄉」:對家電產業的需求刺激、拉動消費作用明顯。此外,2009年也加大了對汽車消費的支持,汽車銷量增速創歷史。2018~2019年新能源汽車補貼:加快發展新能源汽車,大幅降低新能源汽車成本,大力推動新能源汽車消費使用,開展「汽車下鄉」促銷活動等。
防疫優化落地的後疫情時代,消費券或是選項。考慮明年國內宏觀經濟面臨外需走弱的預期,預計內需的修復將成爲確保經濟回穩向上的重要力量。政策關注擴大內需,12月召開的中央經濟工作會議提出「把恢復和擴大消費擺在優先位置」,先後發佈《擴大內需戰略規劃綱要(2022-2035年)》和《「十四五」擴大內需戰略實施方案》。近年學者對於消費券政策的經濟效應的研究較多,結論指向發放社會消費券對促進消費有積極效果,且不存在明顯的擠出效應。2020年以來短期疫情後多地通過發放消費券的形式來刺激消費的恢復,未來可能進一步推廣範圍、擴大力度。




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