美聯儲7月會議在即,投資者押注貨幣政策明年“大轉彎”
在美聯儲7月會議即將開啓之際,投資者們罕見押注,美國利率會走U型大轉彎——今年更激進地加息,而明年隨着經濟的疲軟而降息。最近一個月的市場走勢也反映了這種預期:長期美債收益率下行,美股顯著反彈。
在美聯儲7月會議即將開啓之際,投資者們罕見押注,美國利率會走U型大轉彎——今年更激進地加息,而明年隨着經濟的疲軟而降息。最近一個月的市場走勢也反映了這種預期:長期美債收益率下行,美股顯著反彈。
投資者對短期利率未來走勢的押注,在確定美國國債收益率方面發揮着決定性作用。這反過來又爲整個經濟的借貸成本設定了底線。投資者預計美聯儲今年將繼續加息,這令一年到期的美國國債收益率約爲3%,與之對比,當前的聯邦基金利率爲1.5%-1.75%之間。由於預期明年開始降息,更長期的美債收益率反而更低。這形成了收益率曲線的倒掛,被視爲令人擔憂的經濟信號,通常在經濟衰退前不久發生。
從隔夜指數掉期等利率衍生品來看,截至週五的數據顯示,投資者們預計美聯儲在本週三的會議上將聯邦基金利率上調75個基點,年底前聯邦基金利率將提高至3.3%左右。但投資者預計此後不會進一步上調利率。他們押注美聯儲將在明年6月前降息,到2024年年中時將短期利率降至2.5%左右。從美聯儲最新的點陣圖來看,在官員們的經濟預測中,他們預計明年利率可能升至3.8%左右,但最終穩定在2.5%左右。
分析師們認爲,這種下注反映了投資者越來越意識到美聯儲在努力對抗通脹的同時,正在將經濟推向衰退。同時,通過限制長期借貸成本,經濟衰退很快就會發生並不太可能。這對股票等高風險資產起到了提振作用。
最新美國公佈的多項經濟數據都表現不佳,包括住房需求急劇下降,消費者信心崩潰,消費者支出疲軟,Markit製造業、服務業PMI均創兩年多新低,其中服務業數據甚至陷入衰退等。
回顧美聯儲之前貨幣政策的反轉週期,最近的一次發生在2019年。美聯儲在當年7月將利率下調了25個百分點,此前2018年12月還在加息25個基點。華爾街日報指出,投資者們通常對美聯儲政策的大轉彎持謹慎態度。例如在上世紀90年代的激進加息週期中,美聯儲在1995年2月最後一次加息,然後在7月降息,但直到5月,短期美債收益率才體現出投資者爲降息預期做準備。
也不乏諸多投資者反對上述美聯儲急轉彎預期。反對的理由包括:經濟比普遍認爲的要強勁,消費者強勁的資產負債表和勞動力市場高度緊張都體現了這點;另有一些人認爲,雖然經濟衰退迫在眉睫,但通脹仍將處在高位,從而阻止美聯儲降息。
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