光大證券:本月LPR較有可能下行
本文來自:債券人,作者:張旭 危瑋肖
1、如何穩定信貸總量?
4月份的經濟數據有喜有憂,總體來看疫情對經濟運行造成了較大沖擊。部分投資者據此斷言5月份信貸將延續4月份的低速增長。我們建議不要盲目悲觀。有效融資需求明顯下降是制約4月信貸增長的關鍵因素,我們若能找到削弱該因素的辦法,便可推動下一階段信貸的增長。
傳統觀念認為,銀行發放貸款需要企業的融資需求配合,當融資需求不足時,央行一味“寬貨幣”並不能明顯提高企業融資需求、形成“穩信用”。很多人將這個現象描述為“推繩子”,以此來形容融資需求不足時貨幣政策的“無力感”。
事實上,企業的融資需求是貸款利率的函數。銀行給予企業的貸款利率低一些,便能激發出更多一些的融資需求。當前,銀行的貸款基本參考LPR定價,所以LPR的下行無疑有利於激發出實體企業的信貸需求,從而穩定信貸總量。
我們認為本月的LPR是較有可能下行的。LPR報價受銀行資金成本的影響較大,而近期資金成本已經有了明顯的降低:其一,人民銀行指導自律機制建立了存款利率市場化調整機制,用改革的辦法解決發展中的問題。該機制建立後,國有大行和大部分股份制銀行已經下調了其1Y以上的定期存款和大額存單利率。其二,同業存單是很多銀行最主要的主動負債工具,四月以來同業存單利率已下降較多。其三,4月下旬實施的全面降準可為金融機構每年節約資金成本約65億元。
除LPR外,也有其他更具針對性的降息措施,激發出相應點位的合理融資需求。例如,人民銀行和銀保監會發布了《關於調整差別化住房信貸政策有關問題的通知》(銀髮〔2022〕115號),將(新發放的)首套房貸國家層面的利率下限下移了20bp,這無疑會激發出不少與剛性、改善性住房對應的信貸需求。
對於市場主體而言,再貸款也是一類具有針對性的“降息”。近期再貸款品種不斷創新、額度明顯提高,其為信貸總量“做了加法”。4月下旬,人民銀行設立了科技創新再貸款,開展了普惠養老專項再貸款試點,這兩項再貸款的額度依次為2000億元和400億元。此外,人民銀行於4月末增加了1000億元支持煤炭清潔高效利用專項再貸款的額度。再貸款工具緩解了銀行發放特定貸款時的利率及流動性約束,支持信貸平穩增長和實體經濟發展,同時也具有精準滴灌的優點,重點為製造業、受疫情影響的服務業、小微企業減負紓困。
綜上,有效融資需求明顯下降是當前制約信貸增長的關鍵因素,而企業的融資需求是貸款利率的函數。簡言之,貸款降息是穩定信貸總量的辦法之一。事實上,投資者們期待的貸款降息正在悄然展開:其一,本月LPR是較有可能下行的;其二,銀髮〔2022〕115號文給個人住房貸款降了息;其三,品種不斷創新、額度明顯提高的再貸款同樣是“降息”。顯然,有了貸款降息這碗酒打底,5月份的信貸增長是無需盲目悲觀的。
風險提示
不理性的預期引發市場快速波動。
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