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地產:“四限”的可能放開路徑和影響

本文來自格隆匯專欄:中信證券研究,作者:陳聰 張全國 李宗儒

我們認為,房地產需求側有充足的因城施策空間。放寬限購、限貸、限價、限售,可能推動購房門檻的下降和購房成本的下行。在本文,我們詳細分析了四限可能的放開路徑和影響。我們相信,政策將有助於開發行業競爭環境的好轉和企業未來盈利能力的提升,也有助於渠道滲透率的提升和換房鏈條重啟。

需求側政策面臨長期侷限和短期空間。

我們認為,長端LPR下降的空間有限,房地產開發投資的整體增長空間也有限。但是,按揭貸款利率下降空間很大,限購、限貸、限售、限價等需求側措施放開的空間也不小。

因城施策不等於力度不足,預計需求支持政策頻發。

中央政治局會議鼓勵因城施策,支持剛需和改善性住房需求。我們認為,因城施策的做法(而並非全國統一)和需求支持力度強弱無關。各地不僅具備較大的政策放開空間,也有較為急切的,應對交付、土地出讓、開發投資等問題的需要。以2014年的經驗而言,距離第一個城市出台寬鬆政策,到大量城市跟進,一般也需要2-3個月的時間。

認房又認貸標準變化,將降低購房成本和門檻。

限購放寬,兼顧支持樓市和其他政策考量。目前各地多采取改變首套房認定標準,調減地方性首付和利率要求,這構成了限貸的放寬。我們認為,限貸調整將有效降低居民購房門檻,保護改善性需求。除少數三四線城市直接放開限購,大多數二線城市則調整限購區域,給予符合條件的人才或多胎家庭以購房資格,給予存量房出租的家庭更多購房資格。這類做法,既刺激了需求,又達到了其他政策目標。

鬆綁限價有助於恢復開發企業盈利能力,放開限售促進核心城市換房需求。

各地方不同程度放開新房限價和二手過户指導價,這有利於推動開發企業在核心城市拿地利潤率提升,增加開發企業投資意願,也會令開發企業更聚焦核心城市。過户指導價調整和限售不同程度放開,則可能推動換房鏈條重啟。此外,一二手價差縮小有助於渠道滲透率的提升。

風險因素:

行業競爭格局劇變,部分公司資產縮表的風險。部分區域市場持續下行風險。

投資建議:

我們認為,當前房地產市場的成長持續性不如2014年,但政策勢頭類似2014年下半年,競爭格局調整程度超過2014年,土地市場機會持續時間也可能超過2014年。我們推薦信用和效率兼備的開發企業,包括保利發展、萬科A/萬科企業、金地集團、招商蛇口、綠城中國、華髮股份、龍湖集團、華潤置地、濱江集團和美的置業。我們也看好明顯受益於四限逐漸放開,具備核心競爭力的房地產服務平台,即貝殼。

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