地產週期走到哪了?
文丨明明 彭陽 章立聰 周成華
房地產的三個底——政策底、銷售底和投資底總是順次出現。去年四季度政策底已經明確,3月以來因城施策的政策利好加速涌現,結合以往的規律,銷售的回暖並不遙遠,二季度商品房銷售增速或將見底回升,但投資底仍需等待。
對於近期表現較爲搶眼的地產股而言,我們認爲只要經濟下行壓力沒有實質緩解,或地產銷售沒有確認見底,地產的鬆綁政策就可能持續出臺,地產股仍有上漲空間。
▍金融政策打頭陣,春節過後因城施策的需求端鬆綁陸續涌現。
從2月14日第一財經報道山東省菏澤市下調了個人住房貸款首付款比例,再到六大銀行下調廣州房貸利率的LPR加點,二三四線樓市放鬆在3月如雨後春筍般出現。貝殼研究院數據顯示,今年 3 月百城首套房、二套房貸利率分別爲 5.34%、5.60%,環比分別下行 13bps和15bps,自 2021 年 10 月見頂以來已經連續 5 個月下降,累計降幅均超40bps。房地產政策的利好仍在持續兌現的途中。
▍銷售底何時出現?
參考過去幾輪地產週期,各城市陸續放鬆地產政策後,銷售的回暖並不遙遠,二季度商品房銷售增速或將見底回升。3月的疫情衝擊以及部分城市的封城措施似乎讓商品房市場重回2020年。從30大中城市的商品房成交面積來看,3月的成交量與2020年同期非常接近,而一線城市則更加明顯的進入了「疫情防控」模式,深圳和上海的社交隔離措施使得一線城市政策的商品房成交「砸坑」。疫情作爲超預期的事件衝擊,大概率確認了這一輪銷售的底部。一旦主要城市疫情好轉,逐漸解除隔離措施,受到貨幣寬鬆和各地政策放鬆提振的購房需求也會開始逐漸釋放。
▍但是,這一輪商品房銷售反彈的幅度,或將弱於過去幾輪。
歷輪商品房銷售反彈的幅度越來越弱的核心原因在於增量資金越來越少。第一,棚改貨幣化退潮,難以重現江湖,國開行PSL持續淨償還。第二,房住不炒的基調下,二線及以下城市的地產鬆綁還會陸續出現,但一線城市和全局的需求刺激政策仍未出現。第三,2020年疫情衝擊過後,居民收入增速下降,槓桿率上升,投資能力和意願均有所下降。
▍地產投資底在哪?
從邏輯上講,銷售底意味着房企預期和銷售回款的開始,也意味着房企信用底的出現,但並不會馬上體現到房企的資產負債表。從過去兩輪的歷史經驗來看,銷售反彈三個季度左右之後,地產投資、房屋新開工面積和房企拿地增速纔開始實質性反彈。由於增量資金的缺失和民營房企信用修復更加困難,這一輪地產投資反彈的難度更大。1-2月地產投資增速的超預期回正不可持續,二季度地產投資或將有所回落並開啓磨底過程。
▍地產股對於政策高度敏感,經濟基本面和地產銷售可以作爲領先指標。
歷史上看,地產股對於地產政策的變化高度敏感,地產股的底大多出現在政策底而非地產基本面的底部。3月中旬以來房地產板塊的大幅上漲,包含了各個城市陸續鬆綁的房地產政策對市場情緒的提振,也包含了市場在經濟下行壓力增大的情況下對房地產政策進一步放鬆的期待。除此之外,在疫情衝擊加大的背景下,地產股確定性更強,存量資金也開始向地產板塊轉移。因此,只要經濟下行壓力沒有實質性緩解,或者地產銷售沒有確認見底,地產的鬆綁政策就會持續出臺,那麼地產股就仍然有上漲空間。
▍風險因素:
國內疫情不確定性上升,房企信用風險。
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