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中信證券:迎接美聯儲更極致緊縮的到來

本文來自格隆匯專欄:中信證券研究,作者:崔嶸

核心觀點

美聯儲3月議息會議紀要給出更多縮表細節,我們認為相比上一輪更加激進的縮表大概率在5月宣佈實施,5、6月大概率加息50bps,短期美聯儲貨幣政策將更極致地緊縮。當前難言市場已對縮表充分定價,預計10年期美債長端實際利率仍將上行30-40bps,美股成長股仍有調整風險。

正文

美聯儲於北京時間2022年4月7日公佈了2022年3月議息會議紀要。

相比上一輪更加激進的縮表大概率在5月宣佈實施。本次會議紀要的關鍵在於對縮表給出更多信息,從以下關於縮表的要點看,本次縮表將更加激進。首先,本次縮表的最高月度上限為950億美元,幾乎是上一輪最高月度上限(300億美元美國國債+200億美元MBS)的兩倍。其次,本輪縮表達到最高上限的時間(3個月或稍長)遠快於上一輪達到最高上限的時間(1年)。最後,本輪縮表可能出現美聯儲主動拋售MBS的情況。關於縮表的時間,紀要全文3次提及最早在5月會議上開始(possibly as early as at the Committee's May meeting),我們維持此前判斷,預計5月大概率開始本輪縮表。

美聯儲3月會議紀要的具體細節如下:

1.關於縮表:1)美國國債和機構MBS的再投資月度上限分別為約600億美元和350億美元可能是合適的。2)如果市場條件允許,再投資月度上限可以在3個月或稍長時間內逐步實施。3)按月度上限贖回票息債券(coupon securities),並在贖回票息債券本金不足再投資月度上限時贖回國庫券(Treasury bills),以使縮表規模達到月度上限;在充足準備金框架下,美聯儲沒有必要持有大量國庫券。4)在縮表進行一段時間後,出售機構MBS將是合適的,以使SOMA賬户組合以美國國債為主。5)當準備金餘額降至略高於美聯儲委員會認為的“充足準備金”水平時,先放緩再停止縮表。最終水平仍存在較大不確定性。6)美聯儲委員會已經就縮表的計劃取得重大進展(substantial progress),最早可在5月的會議結束後,開始縮減資產負債表的規模。

2.關於加息: 1)3月已有許多與會者認為應當加息50bps。2)在未來會議上,一次或多次將聯邦基金利率目標上調50個基點可能是合適的。

3.關於貨幣政策立場: 1)貨幣政策立場應迅速(expeditiously)轉向中性立場,根據經濟和金融發展,可能需要採取更緊縮的政策立場。2)加快取消寬鬆政策,可以讓美聯儲在需求壓力超預期消散時更好地調整貨幣政策立場。

5、6月大概率加息50bps,短期美聯儲貨幣政策將更極致地緊縮。當前歐洲美元利率期貨隱含的累計加息次數顯示,年內美聯儲將有9-10次25bps的加息,這意味着在當前時點,市場預期年內將有2-3次會議加息50bps。我們認為,結合紀要對於加息問題的表述,5月加息50bps幾乎板上釘釘,同時,6月加息50bps的概率也大幅上升。

當前難言市場已對縮表充分定價,預計10年期美債長端實際利率仍將上行30-40bps,美股成長股仍有調整風險。美股連續第二日集體收跌,其中納指連續兩日跌超2%,同時,10Y-2Y美債曲線結束倒掛。3月美聯儲啟動加息後,市場對短端利率逐步反映後續50bps加息預期的同時,長端利率也逐步反映縮表的節奏預期。我們認為,目前難言市場已經對縮表充分定價,結合上輪縮表經驗,預計10年期美債實際利率會在縮表過程中仍將上行30-40bps,從而抑制美股尤其是成長股估值,美股成長股或仍有調整風險。

風險因素:美聯儲政策收緊節奏不及預期;美國通脹超預期回落。

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