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中信建投宏觀:加息才剛開始,難言靴子落地

本文來自格隆匯專欄:中信建投宏觀固收黃文濤 作者:黃文濤 錢偉

3月議息會議點評

首次加息和縮表指引符合預期,但在通脹實際回落前,聯儲緊縮步伐不會放慢,不排除更快節奏、更大幅度撤出寬鬆;同時,由於本次緊縮的被動成分較多,就業未必如聯儲預期的那樣會持續強勁,市場的壓制也很難系統性解除。本次議息會議的核心關注點包括兩個,一是首次加息的情況,二是未來緊縮的節奏。在聲明中,這三個問題都有簡明的回答:3月將加息25bp,未來還會持續加息(點陣圖顯示全年將加息7次),接下來的一次會議中將開始縮表(意味着5月概率極大)。與此前市場的預期基本一致,美股表現相對正面。但是,不論是聲明還是記者會上,聯儲都充分傳遞出目前緊縮的核心目標是應對通脹這一信號,就業只是兼顧,一旦通脹超預期,將會採取更加激烈的加息舉措。這意味着只要通脹沒有回落,聯儲緊縮的步伐不會放慢,不排除更大動作(例如5月加息50bp),目前僅僅是首次加息落地,鑑於通脹的不確定性,難言靴子已經落地。此外,儘管聯儲一再強調就業市場能夠承受加息的負擔,但為了穩定未來的通脹預期、降低眼下的通脹數據,都不可避免的要犧牲一定需求端的勢頭,經濟和市場下行和波動難以避免,聯儲點陣圖大幅調低今年的經濟預測(從4%降至2.8%,且未調高2023年預測)説明已有心理準備。

市場關心的一些核心問題,我們的看法如下:

通脹如果超預期,聯儲會採取更激進的措施進行應對,明確了目前加息和縮表節奏主要取決於通脹,而非就業。

點陣圖方面,聯儲大幅調高了今年的通脹預期,PCE增速從2.6%上修至4.3%,2023年從2.3%上修至2.7%,意味着聯儲仍預期很大的通脹上行壓力。鮑威爾表示FOMC決心採取必要措施恢復物價穩定,包括縮表也是為了避免通脹根深蒂固,明確了通脹在目前政策立場中的核心角色。如果通脹數據顯示需要更快地加息,聯儲將採取行動。對於目前通脹走勢判斷,鮑威爾表示短期有一些緩和(供應鏈短缺緩解),後面有望逐月下降,高通脹在下半年趨於回落,但是解決通脹問題需要較長時間(達到2%目標)。

就業市場緊俏,失業率預測保持低位,但未給予更多筆墨,目前的地位相對尷尬。點陣圖顯示今年失業率預測穩定在3.5%的低位,鮑威爾表示美國經濟和勞動力市場非常強勁和緊俏,並做好了相應收緊貨幣政策的準備,衰退的可能性並不是特別高。此外,鮑威爾還強調可以在維持就業強勁同時緩解通脹。一方面,聯儲判斷目前的就業市場基本達標,已經不再是政策制定考慮的核心因素;另一方面,即使就業短期出現小幅波動,預計也不會影響聯儲加息節奏。

關於地緣政治衝突問題,可能美國帶來溢出效應,短期關注通脹的額外上行壓力,政策緊縮立場或更堅定。市場關注的地緣政治事件,聯儲也罕見在聲明中使用了獨立的一段進行闡述:當前事件對美國經濟的影響高度不確定,但在短期看來,核心關注的風險點應該是對通脹產生的額外上行壓力。記者會上鮑威爾也表示可能會對美國的供應和貿易產生溢出效應,將在多個渠道打擊美國。我們判斷,短期更多從通脹角度對聯儲政策產生影響,因此緊縮的基調可能被加強而非動搖。

風險提示:政策緊縮超預期。

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