招商證券:組件是光伏行業的戰略制高點
本文來自:電新產業研究,作者:遊家訓團隊
1、進入新穩態,戰略地位初步顯現
平價之前,組件環節維持低毛利率主、要受兩各因素影響:a)和補貼賽跑,直面壓力;b)格局差,上游強勢,尤其是硅片,導致壓力較難傳導。平價後,組件不必和補貼賽跑,同時硅片壁壘也在下降,疊加碳中和已成趨勢、海外需求很好,即使在國內地面電站尚未大規模啟動的情況下,組件企業的盈利也在回升過程中;
組件環節可能正在進入新穩態:新玩家很少、格局穩固,同時,集中度提升、盈利向上。
2、壁壘在提升,將深刻影響產業生態
過去行業認為組件壁壘很低,其實除隆基之外,這個環節沒什麼新進入者,主要是因為不怎麼賺錢,又很難做好。但由於組件掌握銷售渠道,因此在光伏行業經歷多次技術革命的過程中,有組件的企業都活了下來。過去組件環節的微創新最終體現於功率加速提升,此外,組件的大變化有兩點:a)隆基前瞻佈局收購樂葉,在其他企業尚未回A之時,藉助融資優勢,進入第一梯隊;b)其他頭部組件企業相繼回A上市;
組件不難做,但是很難做好,此前這個環節低capex、高opex,因此運營管理很重要,強如隆基也是在收購組件品牌之後,耗時多年進入第一梯隊。隨着頭部企業相繼完成一體化,成本、規模、渠道、資金四大壁壘凸顯,組件可能是光伏產業鏈中,為數不多壁壘在提升的環節;
此外,壁壘提高另一方面是體現在競爭對手更強,過去是美股的晶科、晶澳、天合,現在是基本完成一體化的隆基,和基本完成一體化,且回A的晶澳、晶科、天合等等。
3、最好的窗口期已過,成為第一梯隊的要求很高
此前,成為第一梯隊組件企業最可能的時間段是2019年之前,考慮到3-4年的品牌塑造期,可能需要在2015年之前佈局組件;
成為第一梯隊至少需要具備幾個條件:a)硬件水平跟得上,一體化水平和頭部企業差不多 ,成本不能差太多;b)不能只有國內市場,必須有海外,只做國內不可能成為第一梯隊的企業 ;c)必須有足夠資金支撐,新玩家單純靠組件自身產生的現金流很難成為第一梯隊企業;
總體看,進入第一梯隊有極其苛刻的要求,但出於戰略角度的考慮,做組件最好的時間點始終是現在。
4、投資建議
組件是光伏行業的戰略制高點,這個環節容易做,但很難做好。頭部企業基本完成一體化後,組件是為數不多壁壘在提高的環節,新玩家挑戰頭部企業,需要具備很苛刻的條件。組件環節可能正在進入新穩態,即新玩家很少、格局穩固,同時,集中度提升、盈利向上。
投資建議:隆基股份、晶澳科技、晶科能源、天合光能、阿特斯、東方日升等

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