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地產:按揭額度和定價是決定需求的關鍵

本文來自格隆匯專欄:中信證券研究,作者:陳聰 張全國 李宗儒

據媒體報道,山東菏澤“無房無貸”購房者首付比例由此前的30%下降到20%。我們認為,商業銀行給予更好的按揭貸款放款條件,是應對2021年12月以來按揭需求不足,滿足自住需求的必然選擇。我們相信,按揭貸款額度更充足,利率更低,會對自住需求的釋放和房價預期穩定產生關鍵性影響。

根據媒體報道,從中農工建山東省菏澤市相關營業網點處獲悉,四大銀行下調了該市個人住房貸款首付款比例,“無房無貸”購房者的首付比從之前最低30%,降至最低20%。

首付比例下降是按揭貸款額度充足的反映。

根據2016年2月中國人民銀行的要求,在非限購城市,首套首付比例最低為25%,各地可向下浮動5個百分點,這個規定至今並沒有在中央層面廢止。當然,按揭貸款發放的實際首付要求,則在2017年之後明顯上升。銀行體系的按揭貸款額度持續少於按揭貸款需求,這也使得銀行持續提價,並可以要求更高的首付比例。目前按揭貸款利率遠高於LPR,我們預計未來按揭貸款額度充足,房價下降壓力較大的地方,自住型需求按揭貸款首付比例有望下降,針對自住需求的按揭貸款定價水平有望下降。

預計地方層面需求側託底政策還將持續出台。

我們認為,房地產政策中,需求側屬於地方政府因城施策的範疇。需求側政策包括針對特定人羣比如進城務工人員、新就業大學生等新市民的購房補貼等、住房交易税費的減免、首付比例的調整、首套房標準的優化、公積金貸款額度提升等。分區域看,我們相信越低線城市的需求側支持政策越值得期待,而在高線城市需求側政策很容易引發房價上漲,預計將會比較謹慎。

市場仍延續弱勢,期待三月後基本面改觀。

2022年1月,我們跟蹤的樣本城市銷售套數同比下降31.9%,二手同比下降33.6%,18家開發企業銷售額為同比下降41.2%。我們認為,隨着需求側政策發力,尤其是按揭貸款額度充裕和利率下行,三月份之後銷售情況有望見底回穩,房地產景氣指標有望回升。

土地市場預示結構繼續分化。

2月17日,北京首次集中供地結束,18宗住宅用地中成交17宗,流拍1宗,流拍率較2021年第三次集中拍賣的15.4%明顯下降。土地成交總價480億元,建築面積為160.9萬平米,整體溢價率4.5%。成交項目共配建保障性租賃住房1.77萬平米,現房銷售規模4.1萬平米。整體而言,土地市場供求預期更加匹配,有所好轉。但成交結構方面則集中為全國性央企和地方企業,而全國性民企僅有旭輝獲得個別地塊。這意味着,市場走穩的情況下,市場格局可能繼續變化。

風險因素:

開發企業盈利能力和業績繼續下降的風險。

投資策略:

我們認為,按揭貸款額度和利率是關鍵性變量,地方層面的需求側託底政策也有望持續出台。我們預計,3月之後房地產景氣有望見底回升,而結構演變趨勢則會繼續。我們繼續推薦中高信用地產企業,推薦保利發展,萬科A(萬科企業),龍湖集團,華潤置地,招商蛇口,金地集團,濱江集團等公司,並看好貝殼的投資機會。

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