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六問六答話電力:把握漲價預期與風光進階

本文來自格隆匯專欄:中信證券研究,作者:李想、武雲澤

近期行業迎來電價上漲預期強化與新能源加速發展的雙擊,我們整理解答市場關於煤電電價演繹及影響,新能源平價後回報前景、估值體系演變、市場競爭格局等市場關注較高的六個核心問題。預期及基本面持續改善推動下,電力全面投資時點已至,繼續推薦華潤電力、華能國際、華電國際、京能電力、內蒙華電、皖能電力、建投能源、寶新能源、江蘇國信、福能股份,長江電力、川投能源、華能水電、信義能源等。

第一問:本輪電價上漲的背景是什麼?

在經濟穩健增長與用能電氣化的支撐下,2020年底以來全社會用電量增速持續超預期,而供給端的主力電源煤電面臨結構性壓縮以及高煤價下的虧損與出力意願受限,因此導致限電現象愈演愈烈。在“電價上漲&保障力度增強”與“電價不調整&限電”的組合中,政策優先級開始轉向電價上漲,並在近期對2019年底即出台的漲電價機制予以全面背書。

第二問:電價上漲對火電利好幾何?

由於火電上網電量中有大約55~60%為年度長協電量,在前一年年底即完成交易、鎖定價格,因此預計近期的市場化交易電價調整對2H2021火電綜合電價上漲推動有限,3Q2021行業虧損壓力料仍將快速擴大,2021全年業績承壓。歷史上看,煤價主要基於自身供需波動,電價上行通常不會帶來煤價的連帶傳導上漲。期待2021年底的2022年度長協交易帶來電價全面上漲,疊加用電需求回落與煤炭供給提升帶來煤價高位回落,促使2022年起火電全面扭虧。

第三問:火電電價上漲對清潔發電有何影響?

由於火電基準電價是所有發電品種的價格錨,乃至影響到現貨交易、抽水蓄能、電化學儲能等一系列環節,我們預計中短期內火電基準電價上調概率較低,漲價主要針對火電市場化電量的交易電價。火電綜合電價上漲後,水電、風電、光伏、核電等清潔能源的電價優勢有望提升,利好消納與後續發展。

第四問:平價時代風電前景如何?

伴隨平價上網的全面啟動,行業有望享受裝機高增,預計十四五新增250GW風電裝機。陸上風機大幅降本料使平價風電至少享受10%以上的資本金IRR,且後續提升空間極為可觀;平價項目不再依賴補貼,運營商後續現金流有望改善;海上風電搶裝或拉動優勢企業額外業績彈性。

第五問:哪幾類運營商會優先受益於新能源大發展?

我們認為新能源運營商的核心競爭力來自項目資源獲取能力與資金能力。由此,我們最為看好具備央企背景的龍頭上市運營商。此類運營商在風光大基地建設中料優先獲取資源,在分佈式風光由零散開發轉為整縣推進的浪潮中也有望揚長避短、展現更強的競爭力。

第六問:如何為新能源運營商估值?

新能源運營商成本結構高度穩定,ROE與現金流可預測度高。隨着平價項目佔比增大稀釋補貼回款包袱,看好新能源運營商現金流充裕程度向水電靠攏。結合運營商裝機、電量、業績複合增速有望長期維持在20%以上,我們認為新能源運營商合理PE估值中樞應在20倍左右。

風險因素

上網電價低於預期,風電、光伏行業發展進度低於預期,煤價高於預期,用電需求低於預期。

投資策略

我們認為儘管3Q2021火電業績壓力仍較大,但隨着電價上漲預期不斷催化、還原電力商品屬性得到政策反覆支持,新能源發展提速且收益率可觀、新能源利潤在龍頭公司佔比普遍快速提升帶動估值體系切換,板塊有望進入全面受益期,電力全面配置時點已經到來。遵循三條投資主線:

1)充分受益電價上漲的估值便宜的火電龍頭及內陸電量佔比較高的區域火電公司,推薦華能國際、華電國際、京能電力、內蒙華電、皖能電力、建投能源、寶新能源、江蘇國信等;

2)轉型新能源帶動價值重估,推薦華潤電力、福能股份;

3)火電電價上漲推升優質水電及新能源公司的性價比,推薦長江電力、川投能源、華能水電、信義能源等。

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