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迎峯度夏期間,電荒可能會加劇並向更多地區蔓延
格隆匯 05-28 10:44

本文來自格隆匯專欄:中信證券研究,作者:李想 、武雲澤

煤電企業採購現貨煤發電並採用市場化電價上網已經接近其盈虧平衡線,火電搶增量市場電的意願明顯受抑制,預計電力供需矛盾短期難以緩解,5月份開始的電荒後續或加劇。廣東電力現貨市場價格開始明顯突破標杆電價給出明確指引信號,即只有高電價才能保障迎峯度夏期間電力供應穩定性。成本穩定且邊際成本較低的水電及核電成為電力供需緊張的受益者,推薦長江電力、華能水電、川投能源、國投電力、中國廣核(A&H)、中國核電、福能股份等。

較早即限電衝擊歷史記錄,緩解緊張局面依賴供給。

用電形勢緊張現象近期已經在廣東、雲南等省份出現,從歷史經驗看,在迎峯度夏用電高峯尚未到來的5月份局部地區即限電屬於罕見現象。國內用電需求或持續高企,預計2021Q2國內用電需求增速或在10.5%水平,有望錄得2014年以來歷史最高的季度用電增速,高需求環境使得緩解國內用電緊張態勢只能依靠發電側增加電力供給。

燃料漲價影響火電增發意願,電力緊張局勢或加劇。

結合代表性龍頭電企Q1入爐動力煤價格以及近期動力煤價格趨勢,我們預計龍頭火電企業的Q2綜合入爐標煤單價普遍將接近900元/噸,折算度電燃料成本約0.30元/千瓦時。按現貨煤價測算的度電燃料成本已經接近上網電價,現貨煤價格高企使得火電企業已經不能通過採購現貨煤炭以賺取邊際利潤,火電企業搶增量電量意願受到明顯抑制。除煤電外,氣電機制不暢料導致增發調峯能力受到制約,風光電量規模尚小。綜合考慮供需形勢,我們認為迎峯度夏期間,電荒可能會加劇並向更多地區蔓延。

現貨上漲發出信號,長期電價面臨結構性上漲壓力。

電力現貨市場可以視為對供需最為敏感、價格發現極為有效的細分市場,5月中旬廣東電力現貨價格已經明顯突破燃煤基準電價,表明在當前的高煤價和強需求環境下,市場需要接受高上網電價水平以保障迎峯度夏期間電力供應穩定性。即使我們在度過本輪煤價上漲帶來的電價壓力後,從美國加州地區及德國在新能源裝機大幅提升後的電價趨勢看,國內中長期電價仍將面臨電源結構調整後系統成本上升導致的電價上漲壓力。 

優質水電迎價值重估,核電利用小時回升有望。

旺盛需求推動雲南水電省內市場化電價持續走高,水電鋁等模式不斷提升需求。度電成本較低的核電企業有充足的電量增發意願和增發能力,以填補部分用電需求。我們的敏感性分析顯示,雲南市場交易電價上升0.005元/千瓦時,華能水電2021年歸母淨利上升2.0%。中廣核電力利用小時數每上升100小時,其2021年歸母淨利潤提升2.7%。

風險因素:

煤價持續高漲;市場化電價折扣上升;利用小時低迷。

投資策略:尋找供需新形勢下的受益者。

預計穩定且邊際成本較低的水電及核電將受益於供需緊張。我們預計雲南等水電大省將出現長週期的市場化交易電價持續上漲,參與市場化交易電量規模較大的水電龍頭企業將相應受益於電價回升;核電方面,預計核電公司利用小時將因填補部分需求缺口而不斷改善。推薦長江電力、華能水電、川投能源、國投電力等水電龍頭,中國廣核(A&H)、中國核電等龍頭核電,以及福能股份等優質風光運營商。

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