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浙商宏观:企业盈利保持高增,下半年将逐步走弱
格隆汇 05-27 17:22

本文来自格隆汇专栏:浙商宏观李超,作者:李超、张浩

内容摘要 

核心观点

4月大宗商品涨价叠加净利率改善带动企业盈利高增,考虑经济增长降速、减税降费支撑下降、再通胀作用将从提振利润转向增加成本,预计下半年增速将逐步下降。

工业企业利润:企业盈利持续高增,深度理解价格弹性

1-4月份,全国规模以上工业企业实现利润总额25943.5亿元,同比增长106%(按可比口径计算),前值137%,两年平均增长22.3%,前值22.6%。其中4月当月同比57%,两年复合增速22.1%。

价格与净利润走强带动企业盈利改善。2020年Q4我们提出供需缺口是导致再通胀和强出口的核心逻辑,指出当出现供给收紧或不足时,需求价格弹性可能导致价格快速上升,去年以来全球范围内的供需缺口促发了再通胀趋势,今年以来海外发达经济体供给修复增加了对一般生产资料的需求,而主要资源国受疫苗短缺、疫情扩散等影响供给修复较慢,再通胀得以延续,国内则呈现出供需双旺满产能特征。

我们认为,内外需的相对积极、供给相对偏紧的特征导致需求弹性发挥作用带动价格和净利润改善,1-4月PPI同比持续上行,中上游行业“满地开花”,预计5月PPI同比有望突破8%;1-4月营收利润率达到6.87%,4月估算达到7.3%,这两者的积极表现带来了工业企业盈利的高增。

预计下半年工业企业盈利将渐进下行,原因有三:

(1)下半年经济增长逐渐向潜在增速收敛,海外供给逐渐修复致使出口回落,地产投资边际下降,基建、制造业投资和消费拉升有限,需求对盈利的拉动作用下滑。

(2)阶段性减税降费政策退出,企业盈利有压力。2020年为应对疫情,财政实施大规模阶段性减税降费政策,成为去年企业利润回升的重要组成部分;今年阶段性减税降费退出,制度性减税降费力度下降,部分企业经营压力或将提升。

(3)随着广普上中游价格的显著上行,涨价效果将逐步从“提振盈利”转向“增加成本”,不论中上游原材料涨价或维持高位,均会挤压中下游企业利润空间。

利润结构:上中游表现亮眼,装备制造延续景气,下游消费也有亮点

1-4月利润结构显示,采矿业、原材料、装备制造业和消费制造业分别拉动规模以上工业企业利润10.6%、45.9%、29.7%和14.8%,继续验证我们此前提出的“再通胀+强出口”的两条盈利改善主线。

受需求改善、大宗商品价格上涨等因素推动,采矿业和原材料制造业保持较快增长,1-4月化学制品、黑色冶延和有色冶延分别增长2.72、4.16和4.84倍。

装备制造业与高技术制造业利润保持良好增势,1-4月同比分别增长90.8%、88.5%。我们维持此前观点,全球供应链重塑,受益于永久性替代,装备制造业的盈利有望持续向好,汽车、专用设备、电气机械和计算机通信等行业产能利用率处于历史高点、一季度资本开支意愿积极,也有体现。

消费品制造业利润稳定恢复,1-4月利润同比增长45.3%,农副食品加工、酒饮料茶、烟草、造纸等行业利润两年平均继续保持两位数增长;纺织业、纺织服装、印刷和记录媒介复制业利润两年平均虽略有下降,但降幅比一季度明显收窄。

库存增速环比微降,弱补库的正常反复

4月末规模以上企业产成品存货同比增8.2%,前值8.5%。库存微降是弱补库阶段的正常反复,背后是相对分化的行业表现,不同行业的补库呈现分化,一方面,出口持续景气叠加经济复位内需恢复,装备制造业补库积极。另一方面再通胀逻辑下大宗商品价格上涨,带动煤炭、石油、黑金、有色等相关行业基本面改善,原材料业的库存企稳回升。上述行业的资本开支和产能利用率也有印证。

弱补库周期可能有哪些影响?首先,弱补库周期对经济增长的拉动有限。其次,库存周期的变动对工业品价格、生产、营收、盈利等数据的影响更为显著,供需缺口带来的再通胀逻辑会随着缺口收窄而逐步弱化,配合弱补库周期,我国PPI同比可能在5月见顶、下半年逐步下降,企业盈利逐步下行。综合来看,我们认为,弱补库周期下,后续应更关注工业行业基本面的结构性表现。

风险提示 

疫苗落地不及预期;海外经济超预期下行。

工业企业盈利数据一览

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