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2月通胀数据点评:再通胀延续,注意市场风格切换
格隆汇 03-10 15:40

内容摘要 

>> 核心观点

2月PPI环比+0.8%,同比+1.7%,略高于市场预期,PPI连续四个月大幅修复。虽然海外供给能力正在积极修复,但需求复苏速率更快,供需缺口仍未弥合。不过,我们认为疫苗大规模应用对于供给的提振大于需求,未来PPI环比涨价的幅度可能趋弱,市场风格将逐渐从再通胀向信用收缩切换。另外,在通胀高点来临之前,中游行业表现将好于上游,安全边际更高,长期来看相对收益也更高。

>> 商品涨势延续,PPI快速拉升

2月PPI环比+0.8%,同比+1.7%(前值+0.3%),略高于市场预期,PPI快速拉升,环比涨价力度边际下降。去年11月我们提出“再通胀”主线以来,PPI已经修复接近4个百分点(去年10月PPI为-2.1%)。高频数据显示,2月工业原料上涨明显,原油、黑金、有色、化工品等纷纷走强。虽然海外供给能力正在积极修复,但需求复苏速率更快,以美国为例,其耐用品订单指数回升力度连续数月高于耐用品生产指数,德国制造业的未交付订单数也一路上行,这说明目前供需缺口仍未弥合,全球补库共振逻辑下工业品需求仍有较强支撑。

>> PPI大幅上行会导致货币收紧吗?

我们认为,政府核心关注的物价目标是CPI,因此若PPI上行并没有传递到CPI的话,物价不会成为央行的主要关注点,目前货币政策的首要目标仍是金融稳定。往前看,我们认为疫苗大规模应用对于供给的提振大于需求,未来几个月PPI环比涨价的幅度可能趋弱,市场风格将逐渐从再通胀向信用收缩切换。另外,在通胀高点来临之前,中游行业表现将好于上游,安全边际更高,长期来看相对收益也更高。

>> 供给保持克制,原油价格上扬

供需两端利好,原油价格上涨势头延续,布伦特原油现货价格上探到70美元附近。一方面原油需求正在积极修复,另一方面石油国家对增产保持谨慎克制。由于疫情冲击,主要产油国的GDP和财政收入遭遇重创,伊拉克石油部在2020年末甚至寻求达成20亿美元的原油预售协议。相对于增产而言,石油国家更加希望油价能够恢复并保持在较高区间,实际上OPEC+减产协议签订以来,各国基本上都能按照约定实施减产,沙特甚至在2-4月主动减产,对油价上行形成了较强支撑。往前看,疫苗加速应用对原油的出行需求形成利好,叠加美国1.9万亿刺激计划落地在即,短期内原油价格可能还有上行空间。

>> 春节效应减弱,CPI筑底企稳

2月CPI环比+0.6%,同比-0.2%(前值-0.3%),略高于市场预期,CPI筑底企稳。历史上春节发生在2月的年份,2月CPI环比涨价力度要强于1月份,而今年“就地过年”熨平了季节性,2月份CPI环比低于前值。猪肉方面,春节前后猪肉供应较为充足,生猪出栏增加,中央储备冻猪肉投放较多,猪肉价格逐渐回落,CPI猪肉同比跌幅扩大到14.9%,拖累CPI约0.39个百分点;随着4、5月份进入肉类消费淡季,猪价仍有下行空间。鲜菜方面,节后需求有所下降,叠加天气回暖蔬菜供应逐渐跟上,菜篮子价格指数冲高回落。粮食方面,拉尼娜导致的美洲农作物减产预期仍在发酵,玉米、大豆价格持续上升,稻米、小麦价格保持稳定,验证我们在再通胀系列报告《拉尼娜会持续带动农产品价格上行吗?》中的判断。

>> “就地过年”影响不一,娱乐消费回暖支撑非食品项

“就地过年”拖累出行产业链价格,但本地线下消费超预期支撑CPI服务项价格。全国春运客运量仅为2019年同期的四分之一,出行产业链价格受到较大冲击,统计局口径机票价格下降28.2%。另一方面,春节不返乡推动消费向一二线城市集中,电影等娱乐消费超预期,春节档电影票房增长超过30%,平均票价相较2019年上浮10%以上,电影等娱乐消费的需求回暖对非食品项形成一定支撑。

风险提示 

新冠病毒变异导致疫苗失效;非洲猪瘟超预期扩散。

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