稀土:本輪上行週期與之前有何不同?給予“增持”行業評級
機構:中泰證券
評級:增持
寫在前面的話:之前週期多為政策端驅動的,價格呈現暴漲暴跌走勢,2020年3月份以來,氧化鐠釹價格由26.75萬元/噸→39.85萬元/噸,漲幅達到49%,漲價速度平緩很多,背後主要因素則為需求端持續高增長,政策因素影響較小,這也是本輪上行週期與之前最大的不同。市場關注,這一行業景氣度能夠延續麼?
供給端:礦或為瓶頸,供給較為剛性。1)資源分佈較為集中:全球稀土資源總量為1.2億噸,其中中國佔比達到37%,越南和巴西佔比均為18%,俄羅斯佔比10%,印度佔比約6%,CR5佔比達到90%。2)國內礦實行總量指標控制:從稀土礦採指標來看,2018年12萬噸增加1.5萬噸,2019年13.2萬噸增加1.2萬噸,2020年14萬噸增加0.8萬噸;從稀土冶煉指標來看,2018年11.5萬噸增加1.5萬噸,2019年12.7萬噸增加1.2萬噸,2020年13.5萬噸增加0.8萬噸。可見,年度指標增加在1萬噸上下,即5-6%。3)黑色產業鏈:在環保、督查等政策高壓下,黑色產業鏈目前佔比很小,對供給端影響不大。4)海外礦:主要來自緬甸、美國、澳大利亞等國家,特別的,緬甸優質資源逐漸減少,產能或週期見頂,美國、澳大利亞等受制於環保、產業鏈配套不完善、建設週期長等因素,預計產量增長也較為有限。5)在未出現國內、外政策超預期變化假設下,稀土原料供應未來三年複合增長為3%左右。
需求端:新能源汽車等綠色經濟、新能源需求驅動磁材消費高增,氧化鐠釹趨勢性供不應求。1)氧化鐠釹主要應用於磁材領域,傳統磁材增速較為平穩,而高性能釹鐵硼磁材下游應用領域為新能源汽車、風電、變頻家電、節能電梯、消費電子等領域,綠色經濟、新能源大發展是釹鐵硼市場快速發展的產業大背景;2)尤其是,新能源汽車領域高性能釹鐵硼市場空間廣闊:我們預計2022年新能源汽車領域高性能釹鐵硼需求量將達到2萬噸,較2020年翻一倍;3)能效標準提高,空調領域結構性增長:釹鐵硼變頻空調的滲透率有望從30%提升至70%,預計空調領域增速維持在10%左右;4)消費電子則有望成為新增長點:以iphone12為例,引入了全新無線磁吸式充電,背後設有一圈磁鐵(釹鐵硼永磁體),單機大概消耗約30g磁材,假設2022年iphone12銷量為2.24億部,僅iphone12自身帶來高性能釹鐵硼需求量就達到7673噸(即50%新能源汽車消耗量);5)我們預計2020-2022年全球釹鐵硼需求量分別為25.0、26.7、28.0萬噸,對應氧化鐠釹需求量為7.63、8.12、8.54萬噸,年均複合增速為5%左右;而全球氧化鐠釹的供應量分別為7.40、7.76、7.92萬噸(REO),或將出現趨勢性供不應求,2022年達到6000噸的量級,缺口達到10%左右。
投資建議:新能源汽車、家電、消費電子驅動下游高性能釹鐵硼磁材需求高增長,而供給端較為剛性,預計2020-2022年氧化鐠釹進入短缺週期,氧化鐠釹價格或將持續上行,行業景氣度也將不斷改善。而釹鐵硼磁材作為稀土的“影子”,採用成本加成的定價模式,也將受益於稀土價格上行。給予小金屬稀土板塊“增持”評級,產業鏈核心標的:正海磁材、北方稀土、盛和資源等。
風險提示:國內稀土政策,如生產指令性計劃等變動風險、海外稀土供應超預期、下游需求不及預期等風險。
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