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陶冬:美国失业飙升--政府救援速递
格隆汇 04-19 15:34

作者:陶冬

中国首席经济学家论坛理事,瑞信董事总经理、亚太区私人银行高级顾问

中国的增长和美国的就业数据,凸显了新冠疫情对全球经济的重创;不过市场选择将眼睛转向联储与美国政府的救市措施,全球股市二月中以来首次迎来连续两周的升市。令市场感到鼓舞的是美国政府以最快的速度向企业和个人发放救济支票,同时美欧部分城市显示出疫情蔓延有见顶的兆头。S&P500上周再升3%,美股从三月中低位已经反弹了近30%,不仅科技龙头受到追捧,在危机中惨遭屠戮的制造业巨企也被基金抄底。白宫宣布分三个阶段重启经济活动,市场对此表现出强烈的信心。OPEC+在美国的斡旋和背书下达成了历史性地减产共识,但是原油市场并不给面子,石油期货继续暴跌。星期五WTI近期交割的期货价格跌破每桶18美元,为十八年来的低位。仓库已满,相信有心人急于出手本周交割的合约,WTI六月份合约和布伦特期约就相对平稳。美国十年期国债利率走低,收0.65%。联储大力购入公司债券,高收益债券市场重新受到投资者青睐,福特汽车和AMC上周五分别成功举债,对债市平稳发展具有象征性意义。美国疫情出现转机,美元指数回升。黄金受阻于1735关口后迅速下插至1700楼下。

在本次危机中,美国政府救援金到位之快、范围之广,乃是史无前例的(救援支票上特朗普亲笔签名,为竞选工程打小广告也是史无前例的)。同时联邦储备局扩张资产负债表速度之快、护航资产种类之广,也是史无前例的。这是美国金融资产价格在去杠杆触发的火烧连营灾难之后迅速反弹的底气,美股距离历史高位仅差13%。然而市场与经济何去何从,取决于疫情的发展,笔者相信美国疫情会在未来2-3个星期内先后见顶,美国经济重开应该不会太久。但是疫情会不会有不断的反复,目前根本无法预测,消费在初始反弹之后,未必可以迅速恢复之前的水平,就业和信用的修复恐怕要相当长的时间,银行资产质量的恶化才刚刚开始。笔者认为,信用坍塌所触发的第一轮股市调整已经结束,盈利前景恶化还会制造下一轮股市调整,至于二次探底是否深过第一次则取决于政府与联储救市的力度和有效性。有一点肯定的是,这次危机救援由行政与央行配合进行,货币政策的独立性受到空前的挑战。

美国最新的初领失业救济人数达到530万人,大致符合市场预测,这是2008年危机时候最高数值的九倍。在过去的四个星期,2000万人失去了工作,需要政府救济,以此数据推算,目前失业率应该达到12.3%。白宫这次向中小企业发放救援金十分迅速,据观察已经大部分到位,金额也相当慷慨,企业则需要承诺不解雇员工。救援金可以解决燃眉的现金流问题,不过企业的生存归根到底还是需要人员流动的重启,更需要社会消费的正常化。前者或许在数周内可以实现,后者则存在很高的不确定性。由于经济骤停而产生的失业问题,不同于一般的经济衰退,救援活动需要出手迅速、惠及面广泛,而且必须直达消费者和小企业手中。美国政府因此直接站到直升机上撒钱了。这个模式日本已经在仿效了,估计不少其他国家和地区也会采用。

本周市场焦点:疫情在发达国家是否见顶以及白宫对重启经济的进一步说法。美国的耐用品订单和房屋销售数据都会出现断崖式下跌,欧洲PMI也会有类似的下跌。

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