油價跌了,還有什麼讓美國通脹依舊高高在上?超預期通脹後會是超預期加息嗎?
先是通脹暫時論被證僞,再是通脹見頂論破產,美聯儲被迫轉向追趕式加息。現在美國通脹是諸多因素疊加,僅僅靠美聯儲加息,並不能解決通脹,那麼爲何美聯儲還要這樣激進加息呢?
來源:中金策略,本文節選自研報《中金:美國消滅通脹還有很長的路》
週二晚間的數據顯示,美國8月CPI同比增長8.3%,剔除能源食品的核心CPI環比增長0.6%,同比增長6.3%,均高於預期。儘管近期油價下跌對通脹起到一定降溫作用,但其它價格繼續高歌猛進,使得核心通脹表現強勁。
8月通脹數據公佈前,市場普遍預計讀數偏弱,原因是油價下跌會對通脹帶來拖累。然而結果卻是,油價下跌帶來的拖累不足以抵消其它價格的上漲,使得通脹看上去依舊強勁。

具體來看:
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油價大跌在預料之中,但天然氣價格與電價表現強勁,對衝了油價下跌的影響。8月以來美國汽油零售價格持續下跌,帶動CPI中的汽油價格環比下降10.6%。但另一方面,8月電價環比上漲1.5%,連續第四個月環比增速在1%以上。天然氣價格也一轉上月下跌的趨勢,轉爲上升,帶動CPI中的天然氣分項環比上漲3.5%。
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房租價格仍然堅挺,租房市場似乎沒有降溫的跡象。8月業主等價租金(0.7%)和主要居所租金(0.7%)環比漲幅仍保持高位,由於兩者對CPI籃子的權重貢獻超過30%,其價格持續上漲對通脹帶來強有力支撐。賓館酒店住宿價格與上月持平(0%),部分反映了旅遊旺季過後外出需求放緩的影響。
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新車價格還在上漲,機票價格下跌的影響相對有限。8月新車價格指數環比上漲0.8%,反映消費者對汽車的需求仍在。二手車價格環比下降0.1%,可能反映的是新車供給恢復帶來的「引流」效應而非需求走弱。儘管8月機票價格繼續下跌(-4.6%),但交通服務價格指數環比上漲0.5%,說明除去機票外,其他外出活動仍有需求。

勞動力市場是美國通脹能否順利回落的關鍵
勞動力市場是美國通脹問題的癥結,且短時間或明顯難改善。美國大多數核心商品與服務通脹是由工資增速推動的,但其中出人意料的是,租金通脹環比同樣和勞動報酬環比增速關係密切。這其實不難理解,租戶支付租金的能力同樣與其收入水平息息相關。因此,假如美國勞動力市場供需失衡的問題不能解決,美國核心通脹水平可能還會繼續上升。
通脹再超預期,美聯儲怎麼辦?
一個直接影響是美聯儲將於9月FOMC宣佈加息75個基點,這將使得聯邦基金利率區間升至3%~3.25%。值得注意的是,通脹數據公佈後市場還出現了9月加息100個基點的討論。
中金認爲,這種想法有一定道理,但還不成熟,還需要其他更強、更有說服力的數據來支撐,比如本週四公佈的8月零售數據、週五公佈的9月密歇根大學消費者通脹預期等。另外由於美聯儲將於下週召開議息會議,本週是靜默期,美聯儲官員無法與市場溝通他們的想法,臨時改變加息幅度也需要更大的勇氣。
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