國泰君安:全球能源緊張,支撐煤企高盈利可持續
本文來自格隆匯專欄:國泰君安證券研究,作者:國君煤炭團隊
全球煤價將與油氣價格高度聯動,俄烏爭端或助國內外煤價價差走闊,預計海外煤價將給予國內支撐;國內煤企高盈利確定性提升,擁有海外資源的煤企更優。
投資要點:
烏俄局勢緊張升級,全球煤炭需求將提升。2月24日,俄羅斯總統普京宣佈在頓巴斯地區進行特別軍事行動,頓巴斯地區宣佈獨立。該區原屬烏克蘭能源重地,煤田儲量巨大已探明儲量超過1000億噸。歐盟國家約40%的天然氣消費依賴俄羅斯,烏俄戰爭或將引發制裁,影響北溪二號的運行及俄對歐盟的天然氣供應。同時,烏俄戰爭也將導致過境烏克蘭的天然氣管道輸送受阻,氣價將進一步走高,對煤炭需求將提升。德經濟部長表示德國將不得不從其他國家購買天然氣和煤炭,年初以來,國際化石能源價格不斷走強,歐洲ARA港、南非理查德RB、澳大利亞紐卡斯爾NEWC動力煤現貨價分別較去年底上漲30%、53%、43%。
電源結構調整&資本開支下降,煤油價格傳導順暢。國際煤價和油價的關聯性愈發增強,16年至今與20年至今紐卡斯爾動力煤均價與布倫特原油期貨結算價的相關性分別為0.76、0.87,我們判斷高關聯性的主因為:1)歐盟電源結構的調整,據BP,2020年歐盟電源結構為風光(23.8%)、核電(21.6%)、燃機(19.6%)、水電(16.9%)、煤電(14.8%),其中受季節波動性較大的風光佔比第一,當風光來電較差時主要由燃機和煤電來補充,且燃機和煤電互為替代,油氣價格上漲後將增加更具成本優勢的煤電,價格傳導順暢;2)受新能源對傳統能源替代影響,近年煤、油等化石能源資本開支較低,整體產能處於收縮狀態,而需求端仍較為穩定,供需愈發偏緊。化石能源牽一髮而動全身,價格傳導速度持續提升。
國內供給增量相對有限,伴隨基準提升,煤企高盈利可期。從產量數據看,12月重點礦產量比9月增加1375萬噸,同期全國煤炭產量增加5057萬噸,重點礦保供增量佔全國增量比重僅27%,而年產量佔全國比重為48%。同時,在12月全國煤炭產量提升背景下,國有重點礦產量出現下降,上市公司披露的22年1月生產數據中可見一隅,中國神華、陝西煤業的自產煤產量分別環比-4.1%、-8.8%,我們判斷實際完成保供的主體並不是來自國有重點礦,而是來自地方中小煤礦以及民營煤礦,這些產能的保供持續性存疑,預計全國層面1月份產量環比12月將有所下降,預計全年煤炭供需依然處於相對緊平衡水平。疊加2022年長協基準價提升和長協比例提升,煤炭企業更穩定的高盈利可期。
投資建議。全球煤價將與油氣價格高度聯動,年初至今海內外煤價價差走闊,預計海外煤價將給予國內支撐,推薦:1)全年主線:高股息、綠電轉型、成長性煤化工,推薦:平煤股份、靖遠煤電/電投能源;2)坐擁海外煤礦資源:兗礦能源(亦為高股息標的);3)資源優質企業:蘭花科創、陝西煤業、淮北礦業、山西焦煤、潞安環能、中煤能源、山煤國際、盤江股份。
風險提示。全球油氣價格超預期下跌;煤炭供給維持高位。

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