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港股打新回拨机制深度解析
uSMART 05-27 18:02

在新股市场中,一些人气高涨、认购火爆的新股往往会触发“回拨机制”。对于参与打新的投资者而言,回拨不仅影响中签率,也可能暗示新股的市场热度和未来走势。

 

简单来说,回拨机制是为了提高新股发行效率、平衡机构与散户利益而设立的一种发行调整方式。在IPO过程中,发行人会根据预先设定的规则,在“国际配售”和“公开发售”两类发行之间动态调整配售比例。如果认购火爆,就会自动触发“超额回拨”,将更多新股从机构配售转向公众投资者;而若认购不足,也可能出现“主动回拨”,以保障发行顺利完成。

 

认购足额下的回拨

在新股发行中,当散户认购热情高涨、出现超额认购的情况时,便会触发认购足额下的自动回拨机制。通常情况下,新股的公开发售部分占总发行量的10%,国际配售占90%,即维持1:9的配比。然而,当散户的认购倍数超过一定门槛后,发行人会根据预设规则,将部分股份从国际配售回拨至公开发售部分。

 

具体而言:

当超额认购在15倍以内时,不进行回拨,维持1:9的配售比例;

当超购在15倍至50倍之间时,将适度回拨,公开发售最多可提升至总发行的30%;

当超购达到50倍至100倍之间,则回拨比例进一步提高,最多可提升至40%;

当超购超过100倍时,触发最高级别回拨,公开发售部分最多可占总发售的50%,这也是大多数新股公开发售比例的上限。

 

需要注意的是,部分“明星公司”或“大型IPO”可以根据市场情况设定更灵活的回拨规则,不完全受上述标准限制。

 

认购不足额时的回拨

在新股发行中,认购不足额时的回拨机制与自动回拨截然不同,属于公司或账簿管理人(承销商)的“主动行为”。具体来说,当国际配售认购不足,只要公开发售足额甚至轻微超额,公司仍可选择将国际配售部分主动回拨至公开发售最多不超过20%,前提是要以下限定价定价发行。

 

从行为动机上看,这类主动回拨主要有两种“套路”:

一、国配不足 + 公开发售仅小幅超额:

这是较典型的“套路拨”。机构投资者不感兴趣,说明对公司前景或估值存疑,而公司仍强行将最多20%的股份回拨给散户,以确保完成募资。由于“圈钱”意图明显,参与国际配售的主力缺席,市场情绪偏谨慎,这类新股首日破发概率较高。

二、国配不足 + 公开发售大幅超购:

虽然国际配售遇冷,但散户热情高涨。这种回拨实质上是对散户热度的“象征性回应”,实际回拨的20%份额相较散户需求仍属“杯水车薪”。这种策略的好处是散户筹码有限,对首日股价影响较小,有助于维持价格稳定。若后市表现良好,也容易形成正向回馈。

 

还有一种国配足额 + 公开发售不足的情况:

此类情况较少见,如果公开发售认购低于预期,但国际配售反响良好,公司可将部分股份调回国际配售,即“反向回拨”。但这一操作存在风险,若未妥善执行,可能导致两端认购都不足额,除非有承销商愿意包销,否则将导致发行失败。

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