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SWIFT制裁對全球經濟與市場影響幾何?

本文來自格隆匯專欄:中信證券研究,作者:崔嶸

北京時間2月27日,美國等西方國家宣佈將部分俄羅斯金融機構“剔除”環球同業銀行金融電訊協會(SWIFT系統)。中信證券認為本次制裁強度明顯升級,但仍留有餘地,應當關注後續制裁落地具體細節,仍然維持之前對“俄烏衝突”事件的“中性情況”判斷。預計本次制裁落地將對俄羅斯經濟有較大負面影響,美國及歐洲經濟亦會持續受到通脹壓力衝擊,中長期來看全球去美元化進程或會加快。預計資本市場受恐慌情緒影響仍將持續震盪,大宗商品價格或將維持高位。

制裁強度明顯升級,但留有餘地。

中信證券認為美國、加拿大、英國同歐盟發佈聲明宣佈禁止俄羅斯部分銀行使用環球同業銀行金融電訊協會(SWIFT)國際結算系統,顯示美國等西方國家對俄羅斯的制裁強度明顯升級,是俄烏衝突以來最嚴厲的制裁措施。類似制裁措施也曾對伊朗等國使用並重創當地經濟。儘管有向所謂“核彈級”制裁靠近的趨勢,但本次制裁尚留有餘地,具體細節內容尚未落地。

站在當前時點,中信證券仍對本次“俄烏衝突”事件強度維持“中性”判斷。

中信證券在《海外地緣政治系列專題之一:“俄烏衝突”的歷史演變及其對資產價格的影響》(2022-02-25)中對俄烏衝突的後續演進給出三種情況,站在當前時點,仍然維持“中性情況”的判斷,即本次衝突後續升級為區域性戰爭的可能性不大,後續應當關注制裁落地具體細節以及俄羅斯反應。

預計本次制裁落地將對俄羅斯經濟產生較大負面影響,美歐亦將承擔通脹壓力上升等相應制裁成本。

中信證券預計本次制裁或將嚴重影響俄羅斯的對外貿易,尤其是能源貿易,並干擾俄羅斯金融系統正常秩序,影響俄羅斯盧布幣值穩定,多方面削弱俄羅斯經濟基本面。但是,由於俄羅斯是全球能源出口大國,在此事件影響下,西方國家尤其是歐盟地區的通脹壓力或會持續提高。中長期影響看,本次事件或將在一定程度上加速其他國家去美元化的進程。

避險情緒或將升温,全球大宗商品價格或將維持高位。

受避險和恐慌情緒影響,全球資本市場短期內或將持續大幅震盪。預計俄羅斯股市及盧布或將再次出現大幅波動;歐洲主要股指或將短期內繼續下探;美股美債或將小幅震盪。大宗商品價格短期內或將維持高位。布油價格或繼續上衝逼近105-110美元/桶。金價可能繼續小幅上升並維持高位震盪走勢。國際鋁價仍有上行空間,漲幅可能在10%左右。小麥等糧食價格或將同樣持續高位。

風險因素:

烏俄軍事衝突進一步升級;美國對俄羅斯發起能源制裁。

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