高火熱的磷化工背後,資金在博弈什麼?
本文來自:中郵證券
1.正極材料佔鋰離子電池成本比例達60%
鋰離子電池本質是化學蓄能裝置,決定其性能的關鍵在於材料。鋰離子電池主要是由正極、負極、電解液和隔膜四個主要基本結構組成。其中正極材料的特性(比容量、工作電壓、結構穩定性、成本等)對鋰離子電池的性能影響最大,正極在電池電芯成本中佔比也最高。以寧德時代為例,其正極材料所佔比重為最大,約佔總成本 60%,其他成分如電解液、隔膜、石墨等,各佔約 9%、7%和 13%。
2.磷酸鐵鋰正極電池迎來高速發展
磷酸鐵鋰電池與其他鋰離子電池相比,因具有成本低廉、安全性好、壽命長等優 點,被越來越廣泛的使用,特別是隨着寧德時代CTP技術和比亞迪的刀片電池技術的出現,磷酸鐵鋰在動力電池領域也勢如破竹。據中國汽車動力電池產業創新聯盟數據顯示,2021年1-7 月,我國動力電池產量累計 92.1GWh,同比累計增長 210.9%。其中三元電池產量累計44.8GWh,佔總產量 48.7%,同比累計增長 148.2%;磷酸鐵鋰電池產量累計 47.0GWh,佔總產量 51.1%,同比累計增長 310.6%。磷酸鐵鋰產量及佔比超過三元,裝機佔比也不斷提升。未來磷酸 鐵鋰電池有望在電動車和儲能的拉動下,保持高速增長勢頭。

圖片來自海通證券
3.磷化工企業進軍磷酸鐵鋰優勢顯著
磷酸鐵是製備磷酸鐵鋰的關鍵前驅體材料,因磷酸鐵鋰的需求快速增長,磷酸鐵也備受關注,許多企業紛紛宣佈計劃投資建設磷酸鐵項目。我們認為決定磷酸鐵項目競爭力的核心在於上游資源配套和區位。目前用於製備磷酸鐵的主要原料有磷源和鐵源,分別在磷酸鐵的生產成本中佔比33%和 15%。具有工業級磷酸一銨和淨化磷酸產能的磷化工企業,一方面具備原料成本優勢,另一方面可以對磷酸鐵的大規模發展提供原料保障,因此積極進軍磷酸鐵領域,未來有望在磷酸鐵市場佔據較大份額。
據測算,按照 2021 年上半年的價格情況,磷化工企業完全一體化生產磷酸鐵完全成本可低至 6684 元/噸,在全部原材料外購的條件下 磷酸鐵完全成本達9907 元/噸,二者的差距為 3223 元/噸,按照上半年磷酸鐵市場平均售價 11361 元/噸計算,分別對應的單噸淨利潤為 3095和678 元/噸,二者之間差距為2417 元/噸。其中,自備磷礦、合成氨及硫鐵礦制酸裝置生產工業級磷酸一銨環節可為磷酸鐵節約單噸成本 1319 元/噸;自備淨化磷酸裝置可節約單噸成本211元/噸;自備硫鐵礦黑渣可節約單噸成本 838 元/噸;自備硫鐵礦制酸裝置可節約單噸成本 82 元/噸;自備雙氧水裝置可節約單噸成本175 元/噸;通過一體化裝置節約的蒸汽、電、水、人工、折舊成本約 598 元/噸。且隨着資源價格的不斷上漲,這種優勢還會逐漸拉大。因此, 看好具備磷礦、鐵源、能源等上游資源優勢,並能夠率先實現一體 化發展的磷化工企業在磷酸鐵/磷酸鐵鋰行業的快速發展中取得成功。




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