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能源板塊走出大趨勢!還能上車嗎?

全球能源供應緊張下,A股市場能源板塊最近輪番表現強勢。從天然氣,到石油開採,到煤炭走出大趨勢,再到船舶港口運輸,都遭到資金追捧。

看最強的煤炭板塊。前段時間煤炭板塊並沒有隨市場下跌而下跌,相反,在市場企穩階段,煤炭板塊表現一度還優於部分超跌反彈的板塊。

看個數據,煤炭板塊近5日漲幅近7%,年初至今煤炭開採板塊漲幅超21%,一騎絕塵,領先兩市。

今日在市場震盪階段,港A兩地煤炭股走強。A股方面,安泰集團、淮北礦業、新集能源漲超4%,大塊頭中國神華、兗礦能源、陝西煤業直逼前高。港股,南戈壁漲超5%,首鋼資源、兗礦能源、伊泰煤炭漲超3%。

除了煤炭以外,油氣開採板塊漲幅也大超4.5%。中曼石油漲停、藍顏控股漲超7%。

全球能源價格高位震盪,其背後是預期與現實博弈加劇。

首先看煤炭,煤炭延續內弱外強,保供政策是國內煤價壓艙石,而在印度高温、歐洲俄煤禁運等作用下,海外煤價或仍在高位。

動力煤方面,目前影響動力煤預期的主要因素在需求端,進入6月以後,夏季用煤高峯即將到來,疊加復工復產,動力煤需求將持續回升,動煤企業二季度盈利繼續高增概率較大。而焦煤不一樣,目前下游需求依然偏弱,後續主要看復工復產能否帶來“趕工潮”、提振成材需求。

國泰君安證券認為,煤炭需求底部,淡季不淡,穩增長將發力,需求即將提升。第一,疫情疊加傳統淡季,當前處於需求底部,4月,火電同比下降11.8%。即便在需求底部,煤價依然維持在1200 元高位。第二,疫情影響逐漸下降,工業生產開啟恢復,預計逆週期調節政策將進一步發力,進一步拉動煤炭需求。

對於能源方面,原油成品油麪臨地域分化、品種分化。

首先,美歐中分化,美國經濟脹而不滯,疊加能源出口較強,美國油品表現最強,而歐洲加大能源進口,經濟陷入滯脹,歐洲油品已邊際走弱;

但是國內經濟滯而不脹,疫情邊際改善背景下,國內油品近弱遠強;汽柴油分化,經濟走弱和氣温回升下,柴油邊際回落,但汽油在疫情改善和出行旺季預期下,依然偏強。

另外,對於天然氣來説,價格就從沒有停下漲的腳步。截至4月,俄羅斯煤炭和石油出口不降反升,較2月衝突前分別增加31%和3.25%,而對歐天然氣出口也並未出現明顯減少,與衝突前水平持平。

天然氣也呈現地域分化的情況,美國天然氣內外需雙強,氣價大幅上漲,與歐亞價差收窄;歐洲保持積極的LNG採購,疊加地緣擾動,TTF維持高位。

可以看到最近最近出現這種情況:大量船舶從美國運了LNG到歐洲港口,但是接收設施受限,氣卸不下來,只能在港口附近飄着,這導致去程船舶多,回程船舶少。即使船舶回美,因為管道運力有限,需要在港口等着加氣,進一步延長等待時間。

這種情況類似去年的集運,船舶週轉大幅下降,有效運力減少,導致運價上漲,但因為歐洲進口是剛需必須得加大進口,刺激進口商超量下單,運價進一步暴漲。

2022年初,滾裝船日租金和造價都創歷史新高,行業進入繁榮期,可以看到滾裝船運輸企業、港口什麼都比較香。

這背後相關產業鏈條都是聯動的。

回到能源這塊,中信證券認為,全球化石能源庫存依舊處於低位,低供給彈性下價格大幅回落空間有限。第一,當前全球化石能源庫存均處於低位,主要因長期能源轉型下化石能源資本開支偏低、中期疫情影響供應鏈恢復、短期地緣衝突導致供應緊張。第二,全球對俄羅斯能源依賴降低難以一蹴而就,俄羅斯供應短缺難以彌補將加劇能源供應緊張。第三,由於地緣衝突影響從短期轉向中長期,能源安全重要性增強,能源轉型或將加快,預計全球化石能源供給彈性維持偏低水平,能源價格大幅回落空間有限,且波動加劇。

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