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風電行業景氣高漲,關鍵材料國產替代加速

本文來自格隆匯專欄:中信證券研究,作者:王喆 李超 華鵬偉 孫明新

風電行業經歷搶裝退潮後,在雙碳戰略背景下仍維持高景氣度,預計2021-2025年均風電裝機量達55GW,CAGR為11.8%,保持高速增長。風電葉片大型化趨勢推動核心材料供給端出現變革,葉片技術迭代提升對材料性能的需求。風電葉片製造關鍵材料進口依賴較高,部分企業在加速佈局,國產化勢在必行。推薦吉林碳谷、隆華科技、蘇博特、中材科技、中國巨石、雙一科技及上海石化,建議關注吉林化纖、晨化股份、阿科力、上緯新材、康達新材、天晟新材、維遠股份及衝擊創業板的中復神鷹。

風電高景氣度有望繼續維持,葉片大型化趨勢促進關鍵材料加速變革。

我國風電行業經歷2020年搶裝潮後,2021年裝機量中樞仍有望達40GW,海上風電項目補貼“末班車”將作為有力支撐,預計2021-2025年年均風電裝機量為55GW,CAGR為11.8%。葉片向大型化方向發展,對關鍵材料性能提出更高的要求,未來風電材料將朝向輕量化、高強度與低成本方向發展。

基體樹脂體系進口依賴較為嚴重,國產替代加速。

環氧樹脂是風電葉片關鍵的基體材料,經過聚醚胺熱固化後滿足葉片所需力學性能與機械性能,同時是結構膠的主體材料。我國是全球最大的環氧樹脂生產地及消費地,國內環氧樹脂產能飽和但開工率保持低位。然而我國環氧樹脂對外依存度約20%,風電環氧樹脂仍依賴進口,國內企業如道生天合、上緯新材等進行產能佈局;固化劑聚醚胺國內產能遠低於需求,國內企業如晨化股份、正大新材料、阿科力加速擴產以實現國產替代。

傳統輕木芯材價格快速上漲,新型PVC及PET結構泡沫材料替代需求凸顯。

風電葉片中殼體、剪切腹板等重要部件一般採用夾芯結構,通過此結構將葉片所受的剪切力從表層向內部傳遞,提高葉片的載荷能力。風電2019-2020年景氣度快速提升,巴沙木價格出現急劇增長,給風電葉片企業生產帶來壓力,倒逼葉片生產企業使用新型結構芯材。PVC芯材應用較多,但是存在高温固化燒焦與難以回收利用的問題。PET結構泡沫芯材耐高温性能優越,屬於熱塑性材料可以回收利用,是未來芯材發展的方向。

玻纖增強複合材料景氣度維持,碳纖維增強複合材料滲透率逐漸提升。

增強材料與基體樹脂複合提升葉片的抗拉伸性能,能夠極大地提升葉片性能。風電景氣度高漲將繼續提升主要增強材料高模量玻璃纖維的需求,預計2025年高模風電玻纖需求量為70萬噸。同時風電葉片大型化需要使用更輕、更高強度的材料,碳纖維因其低密度、高強度主要應用風電葉片關鍵部件的製作。2020年全球風電碳纖維需求為3.06萬噸,預計於2025年將達到9.34萬噸,複合增長率為25%。我國碳纖維生產企業產能快速提升,在葉片大型化趨勢下,碳纖維複合材料滲透率有望繼續提升。

塗層高耐候性與高使用年限是未來技術與應用的發展方向。

塗層材料用於保護嚴苛風場環境的風電葉片及塔筒免於腐蝕與磨損,常用塗料為環氧漆與聚氨酯漆。塗層在風電葉片中成本佔比較低,通用型聚氨酯面漆保護年限在8年左右,在風電設備20年的設計壽命內需要多次維護。使用使用壽命為20年的氟碳塗料面漆將大大降低後續的維護成本。綜合生產和維護成本,高耐候性的氟碳塗料將在風電設備保護塗層上有較好的表現。

風險因素:

風力發電行業景氣度提升不及預期;國際貿易緊張,阻礙原材料供應;風力發電關鍵材料國產化替代不及預期。

投資建議:

風電行業經歷搶裝退潮後,在雙碳戰略背景下仍維持高景氣度,預計2021-2025年均風電裝機量達55GW,CAGR為11.8%,保持高速增長。風電葉片大型化趨勢推動核心材料供給端出現變革,葉片技術迭代提升對材料性能的需求。風電葉片製造關鍵材料進口依賴較高,部分企業在加速佈局,國產化勢在必行。推薦吉林碳谷、隆華科技、蘇博特、中材科技、中國巨石、雙一科技及上海石化,建議關注吉林化纖、晨化股份、阿科力、上緯新材、康達新材、天晟新材、維遠股份及衝擊創業板的中復神鷹。

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