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抗通脹和穩增長,歐洲央行下一步會怎麼選?
格隆匯 06-21 18:41

本文來自:金十數據

如今,多國央行都面臨着抗通脹和穩增長之間的兩難選擇。上週美聯儲加息75個基點,比此前的定價高出25個基點。作為政策工具的前瞻性指引,其作用似乎已失效。

在6月份的歐洲央行政策會議上,歐洲央行行長拉加德也發表了看法。她明確表示,繼7月份加息25個基點之後,9月份的加息幅度會更大——如果中期通脹前景仍高於目標水平,可能會加息50個基點。換句話説,如果歐洲央行不下調2024年的通脹預期,9月應該會加息50個基點。

由於大宗商品價格對歐元區通脹前景至關重要,歐洲央行降低通脹預期的可能性很小。歐元區整體通脹率(同比增速)為8.1%,核心通脹率為3.8%。美國的總體通脹率和歐元區差不多,在8.3%,但核心通脹率是5.9%,這意味着歐洲的非核心通脹率要比核心通脹率高得多

考慮到能源和食品價格的可能走勢,歐元區2024年整體通脹預期似乎不太可能下調。對於核心通脹,歐洲央行認為經濟增長是此前一年的關鍵驅動力。摩根士丹利首席美國經濟學家塞思·卡彭特(Seth Carpenter)認為,幾乎不太可能看到有什麼數據能在9月時影響歐洲央行對2023年的增長預期,從而將2024年的核心預測推低至2.3%以下,回到目標水平。

因此,歐洲央行已經加入了那些不斷加息的央行的行列,以減緩通脹為共同目標。歐洲央行對總體通脹的積極反應,讓人想起了1月份美聯儲面對的難題。歐洲央行的選擇很明確:

(1)要麼導致經濟衰退並在短期內降低通脹,

(2)要麼引發大幅放緩,但不會出現衰退,並接受多年的高通脹。

卡彭特指出,從核心通脹在整個預測期內保持在目標之上的最新預測來看,歐洲央行選擇了後者。儘管政策滯後,但如果歐洲央行選擇現在製造衰退,其影響幾乎肯定會在2024年之前顯現出來。

理解歐洲央行這一選擇的一個方法是,它有過通脹低於目標的歷史。果斷地打破這種模式可能是有吸引力的。這種更為謹慎的做法可能也反映出歐元區通脹中非核心項目的比重過高,而非核心通脹大多是歐元區活動的外生因素,要壓低非核心通脹所需的經濟衰退必須是嚴重的。儘管歐元區的失業率處於歐元問世以來的最低水平,但工資通脹並沒有像美國那樣飆升,因此經濟並沒有明顯過熱

另外,有報道稱,歐洲央行正在研究一種新工具來防止歐洲市場的金融分裂。硬着陸極有可能促成這一結果。

那麼接下來會發生什麼?

卡彭特認為,歐洲央行顯然正準備進入一個加息週期。加息的路徑將取決於大宗商品價格和歐元區的經濟增長。

摩根士丹利對歐元區今年下半年的經濟增長更加悲觀,但由於數據報吿滯後以及歐洲央行對整體通脹的關注,經濟放緩的明顯跡象可能無法及時顯現。雖然歐洲央行的預測暗示它正在選擇更温和的道路,但如果摩根士丹利的預測正確,歐洲央行在無意中陷入衰退的風險顯然正在上升。

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