京東集團-SW(09618.HK):流通損耗、渠道變遷與京東集團的競爭優勢,給予“買入”評級
機構:東吳證券
評級:買入
投資要點
商品供應鏈本質上是流通的生意,所起到的作用就是實現商品從生產商到消費者的轉移,我們平時接觸最多的零售(包括2C電商)其實是商品供應鏈的最後一環。供應鏈上各環節參與者的目的,就是以最低的成本實現商品的上述轉移,從而最大化的獲得商品進銷價差扣除流通所需成本費用之後的剩餘利益,因此,流通環節越高效,商品完成流通所耗費的成本費用(流通損耗)越少,整個環節所能獲取的利潤越大。
流通損耗是把握商品流通企業競爭優勢變化的核心焦點。沃爾瑪毛利率曾在1980年代逐步下行,這是平效快速增長後流通損耗逐步降低的結果,商品售價的下降使沃爾瑪獲得了更強的競爭力,淨利率ROE均維持在高位。由於電商不需要租用門店,也減少很多銷售人員,從而可以把經營費用縮減的更少,於是就能以更低的價格銷售商品,所以京東只需要15%的毛利率就能實現盈利,而傳統零售卻需要20%以上才可以。線下零售企業相對而言就喪失了比價優勢,在競爭中逐漸處於弱勢。消費者也逐步將消費支出轉移到線上,從而看到線上對線下零售的替代。
流通損耗也是電商企業雙邊網絡效應的量化體現,決定了京東、天貓平台競爭優勢的相對變化。京東自營賺取的進銷價差和商户在天貓、京東POP經營所需支付的流量費、快遞費,本質上都是商户將商品出售給消費者在同一環節的流通損耗,這部分損耗越少,商户獲利就會越多,而超額收益又可以轉換成價格優惠,最終惠及消費者,從而影響消費者的購買行為,也吸引更多的商家進入平台,在商户和消費者之間形成正向雙邊網絡效應。因此天貓貨幣化率天花板的高低受制於京東或其他競爭對手的經營效率變化。
京東近年效率持續改善,其中流通損耗(經營費用)的控制起到關鍵的作用。京東自2016年以來經營費用率便處於下行通道,這與公司GMV不斷提高帶來的物流利用率提升,銷售、管理費用攤薄有直接關係。尤其自新管理層上任後,對費用的控制更加嚴格,此前公司在低線城市投入的物流基礎設施也逐漸實現了利用率的填充,低線城市的獲客也採用“京喜”等以往不同的思路,成效顯著,使得京東在不增加商户經營成本的情況下,就能實現更高的利潤率水平。
盈利預測與投資評級:我們預計公司2020-2022年收入分別為7097.23/8448.22/9905.56億元,分別同比增長23.0%/19.0%/17.3%。預計公司2020-2022年歸母淨利潤分別為157.71/200.20/251.35億元,同比分別增長29.4%/26.9%/25.5%,對應PE分別為43.7/34.4/27.4倍。我們運用DCF方法計算公司合理價值為265港幣/股,公司當前經營效率持續提高,費用控制成效明顯,新品類逐步開拓,低線城市下沉成效顯現,首次覆蓋給予公司“買入”評級。
風險提示:商品品質風險,供應鏈拓展風險,宏觀經濟波動。

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